About This Report
- EdReports reviews are one tool to support curriculum decisions. We do not make recommendations, and our reports are not prescriptive.
- Use this report as part of a comprehensive, teacher-led adoption process that prioritizes local needs and integrates multi-year implementation planning throughout.
- EdReports evaluates materials based on the quality of their design: how well they structure evidence-based teaching and learning to support college and career-readiness. We do not assess their effectiveness in practice.
- Check the top of the page to confirm the review tool version used. Our current tools are version 2.0. Reports based on earlier tools (versions 1.0 or 1.5) offer valuable insights but may not fully align with current instructional priorities.
Report Overview
Summary of Alignment & Usability: Fishtank ELA 6-8 | ELA
ELA 6-8
The instructional materials for Fishtank Free 6-8 do not meet the expectations of alignment or building knowledge. While the materials include anchor and supporting texts that vary in complexity and support students’ literacy growth over the course of the school year, the teacher resources and supports are general and do not change as texts and tasks become more complex. Explicit instruction throughout the materials is lacking, specifically in vocabulary, writing, and grammar and usage standards. Because a similar topic or theme connects all units, students have opportunities to engage with texts and tasks that promote knowledge-building. While the majority of the tasks and assessment questions are aligned with the grade-level standards, the materials provided are high-level lesson skeletons that can not be used for instruction to fully meet the grade-level standards.
6th Grade
View Full ReportEdReports reviews determine if a program meets, partially meets, or does not meet expectations for alignment to college and career-ready standards. This rating reflects the overall series average.
Alignment (Gateway 1 & 2)
Materials must meet expectations for standards alignment in order to be reviewed for usability. This rating reflects the overall series average.
Usability (Gateway 3)
7th Grade
View Full ReportEdReports reviews determine if a program meets, partially meets, or does not meet expectations for alignment to college and career-ready standards. This rating reflects the overall series average.
Alignment (Gateway 1 & 2)
Materials must meet expectations for standards alignment in order to be reviewed for usability. This rating reflects the overall series average.
Usability (Gateway 3)
8th Grade
View Full ReportEdReports reviews determine if a program meets, partially meets, or does not meet expectations for alignment to college and career-ready standards. This rating reflects the overall series average.
Alignment (Gateway 1 & 2)
Materials must meet expectations for standards alignment in order to be reviewed for usability. This rating reflects the overall series average.
Usability (Gateway 3)
Report for 8th Grade
Alignment Summary
The materials include anchor and supporting texts that vary in complexity and support students’ literacy growth over the course of the school year, the teacher resources and supports are general and do not change as texts and tasks become more complex. Explicit instruction throughout the materials is lacking, specifically in vocabulary, writing, and grade-level grammar and usage standards.
The grade 8 materials include core and supplemental texts organized around the topic or theme of “human nature” to promote knowledge building. While the majority of tasks and assessment questions are aligned with the grade-level standards, the materials provided are high-level lesson skeletons that can not be used for instruction to fully meet the grade-level standards.
The pacing guide and the implementation schedule provided may be reasonably completed in a school year because there are fewer lessons provided than average school days, allowing teachers the freedom to add re-teach lessons or extend others.
8th Grade
Alignment (Gateway 1 & 2)
Usability (Gateway 3)
Overview of Gateway 1
Text Quality and Complexity and Alignment to the Standards with Tasks and Questions Grounded in Evidence
The grade 8 Fishtank Free ELA materials do not meet the expectations for alignment. While the materials include anchor and supporting texts that vary in complexity and support students’ literacy growth over the course of the school year, the teacher resources and supports are general and do not change as texts and tasks become more complex. Explicit instruction throughout the materials is lacking, specifically in vocabulary, writing, and grade-level grammar and usage standards.
The grade 8 materials include core and supplemental texts organized around the topic or theme of “human nature” to promote knowledge building. While the majority of tasks and assessment questions are aligned with the grade-level standards, the materials provided are high-level lesson skeletons that can not be used for instruction to fully meet the grade-level standards.
The pacing guide and the implementation schedule provided may be reasonably completed in a school year because there are fewer lessons provided than average school days, allowing teachers the freedom to add re-teach lessons or extend others.
Gateway 1
v1.5
Criterion 1.1: Text Quality and Complexity
Texts are worthy of students’ time and attention: texts are of quality and are rigorous, meeting the text complexity criteria for each grade. Materials support students’ advancing toward independent reading.
The grade 8 materials include anchor texts that are well-crafted, award-winning texts from multiple perspectives that are content-rich with ideas, events, and experiences. The materials include a higher number of informational texts than literary works, with a 76/24 split. Even though some of the texts are somewhat below the grade band level, the required tasks, as well as the concepts and language within the texts, allow for challenging material at the 8th-grade level.
While the materials include anchor and supporting texts that vary in complexity and support students’ literacy growth over the course of the school year, the teacher resources and supports are general and do not change as texts and tasks become more complex. Materials provide general scaffolding guidance in the “Providing Supports for Text Complexity” section of the Teacher Tools, not in individual units or lessons. The materials include a variety of text types and genres to provide a range and volume of reading that offer opportunities for independent reading; however, there is limited support in place connecting to specific texts as students engage in these readings. The supports are more general or overarching within the program.
Indicator 1A
Anchor texts are of high quality, worthy of careful reading, and consider a range of student interests.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 meet the criteria of Indicator 1a.
Anchor texts are well-crafted, award-winning texts from multiple perspectives that are content-rich with ideas, events, and experiences. The anchor texts in each unit are engaging, high interest, and will stretch students’ thinking while covering ideas around injustice, oppression, and good and evil within humanity. Students read award-winning texts from multiple perspectives and have the opportunity to explore both literary and nonfiction texts of different genres that bring real experiences to life for readers.
Anchor texts are of high quality and consider a range of student interests, are well-crafted, content-rich, and engage students at their grade level. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, students read the anchor text All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely. The novel, 2016 Coretta Scott King Author Honor book and recipient of the Walter Dean Myers Award for Outstanding Children’s Literature, is told from two perspectives—that of a white boy and that of a black boy—who both witness the same event. The text is accessible and deals with injustice and oppression and how to stand up and make a difference.
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, students read two award-winning anchor texts, The Diary of Anne Frank by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett and Night by Elie Wiesel. Both texts use first-person narrative to recount the horrors of different aspects of the Nazi occupation of Europe and the atrocities perpetrated against the Jewish people of Europe. The texts are well-crafted, and challenging reads because of the content, language, and time period. The stories explore whether humans are really good at heart and why it is still important to listen to stories from the Holocaust.
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, students read two anchor texts, Joseph Stalin (A Wicked History) by Sean McCollum and Animal Farm by George Orwell. Animal Farm is an award-winning satire. Joseph Stalin (A Wicked History) gives students historical background information on the time period Orwell was warning about.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, students read the anchor text, Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi. The graphic novel is an autobiographical series of comics that depicts the author’s childhood up to her early adult years in Iran and Austria during and after the Islamic Revolution. The text is culturally relevant and includes vibrant images. The story contains shifting narrators, flashbacks, and cultural and historical references.
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, students read the anchor text, An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power by Al Gore. The informational text includes imagery about a real-world issue and its impact on students’ lives.
Indicator 1B
Materials reflect the distribution of text types and genres required by the standards at each grade level.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 meet the criteria for Indicator 1b.
Materials include a variety of text types and genres across the year. The materials include a higher number of informational texts than literary works with a 76/24 split. The materials provide a balanced approach to instructional time for the informational and literary texts. Text types include memoirs, autobiographies, articles, speeches, nonfiction books, interviews, comics, videos, graphic novels, drama, poems, short stories, historical fiction novels, and novels. The texts connect to a common topic or theme for each unit.
Materials reflect the distribution of text types/genres required by the grade-level standards. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, students read a contemporary fiction text by the same name written by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely, read the article “What is White Privilege, Really?” by Cory Collins, watch videos “A Conversation about Growing Up Black” on The New York Times’ YouTube channel, examine websites “The Constitution of the United States,” read a speech “Why Black Lives Matter,” and read a series of short stories including Flying Lessons & Other Short Stories by Ellen Oh.
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil, Night, students read Night, an autobiography by Elie Wiesel, and The Diary of Anne Frank, a play written by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett. Additional texts include a speech, excerpts from Anne Frank’s autobiography, Diary of a Young Girl, and an informational video “The Path to Nazi Genocide” by the United States Holocaust Museum.
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, students read Joseph Stalin (A Wicked History) by Sean McCollum and Animal Farm by George Orwell, articles including “An Introduction to Communism” by Jessica McBirney, watch videos such as “One Human Family, Food for All” on Caritas Internationalis’ YouTube channel, and watch the movie Animal Farm.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, students read a graphic novel Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi, an informational article “How to read a comic book: appreciating the story behind the art” by Alex Abad-Santos, listen to an informational radio segment “The Stolen Revolution: Iranian Women of 1979” by CBC Radio, and read articles such as “Why do Muslim women wear a hijab?” by Caitlin Killian.
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, students read An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power by Al Gore, evaluate speeches such as “Greta Thunberg challenging The World Economic Forum in Davos - January 22 2019,” read articles including “The Science of Climate Change Explained” by Julia Rosen, read books such as Everything Change: An Anthology of Climate Fiction by Manjana Milkoreit, Meredith Martinez, Joey Eschrich, and the short story “Row” by Charmaine Wilkerson, and examine the website “After Water Project.”
Materials reflect a balance of informational and literary texts. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
Materials reflect a 76/24 balance of informational and literary texts with 44 informational texts and seven literary texts.
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, the materials across the unit contain seven informational texts and two literary texts. The core text is literary.
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, the materials across the unit contain five informational texts and one literary text. The core text is literary.
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, the materials across the unit contain nine informational texts and two literary texts. One core text is literary, and the other core text is informational.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, the materials across the unit contain seven informational texts and one literary text. The core text is literary.
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, the materials across the unit contain 16 informational texts and one literary text. The core text is informational.
Indicator 1C
Core/Anchor texts have the appropriate level of complexity for the grade according to documented quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis, and relationship to their associated student task. Documentation should also include a rationale for educational purpose and placement in the grade level.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 meet the criteria for Indicator 1c.
Materials include anchor texts that are within or above the Lexile stretch band, ranging between 590L to 1170L, and the publisher consistently provides qualitative analysis rationales. There is a balance of accessible texts and more complex texts across the grade level. Even though some of the texts are somewhat below the grade band level, the required tasks, as well as the concepts and language within the texts, allow for challenging material. The qualitative analysis rationales for text selection and placement are in the Text Selection Rationale or the Notes for Teacher section. The Notes for Teacher section also informs educators what to be aware of and calls out certain features of the texts. Qualitative analysis shows that the complexity increases slightly for varying reasons, including text structure, language, and knowledge demands. The qualitative rationale states that the relationship between the texts and the associated student tasks are accessible for the grade level with instances when students move into more complex tasks. The qualitative text complexity is determined by the Achieve the Core’s Literary Text Complexity Rubric.
Anchor/core texts have the appropriate level of complexity for the grade according to quantitative and qualitative analysis and relationship to their associated student task. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice, All American Boys, the anchor text, All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely (770L) falls below the Lexile band. Qualitatively, the text is of moderate difficulty since the text has double protagonists in rotating perspectives, figurative language, and wordplay in a unique structure. The associated student tasks are moderate as they require students to “Draw conclusions about Quinn and Rashad’s perspectives based on what they say and do.” The overall complexity measure is accessible.
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, the two anchor texts, Night by Elie Wiesel (590L) and the play The Diary of Anne Frank by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett (NP), fall below the median Lexile for Grade 8 at the beginning of the year. Qualitatively, the texts are of medium and moderate complexity, respectively. In Night, Wiesel consistently uses complex structure, language, metaphor, and symbolism to get across the experiences of the Holocaust. In addition, there are many references to Judaism that students will need to build background around in order to fully understand the text. In The Diary of Anne Frank, students read stage directions and spoken dialogue and make connections between Anne Frank the character and Anne Frank the historical figure. The associated tasks are medium and moderate, respectively. The overall complexity measures are moderate and complex, respectively.
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, the anchor texts, Joseph Stalin (A Wicked History)by Sean McCollum (970L) and Animal Farm by George Orwell (1170L), both fall within the stretch Lexile band. Qualitatively, Joseph Stalin (A Wicked History) is of moderate complexity due to accessible language about the Russian Revolution to build context for students. The qualitative analysis for Animal Farm is of high difficulty due to elevated vocabulary and complex sentences, but students should be able to access the text after building knowledge of Joseph Stalin (A Wicked History). The associated tasks are moderate and medium, respectively. The overall complexity measures are moderate and complex, respectively.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, the anchor text, Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi (GN380L), is below the Lexile range. Qualitatively, the text is of medium complexity due to students analyzing both text and images to assist with characterization, identification of the theme, text structure, unfamiliar setting, and identification of the mood. The associated student tasks are medium. The overall complexity measure is complex.
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fiction, the anchor text, An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power by Al Gore, is listed as an unleveled text by the publisher. Qualitatively, the text is of moderate difficulty due to Tier Two and Three vocabulary, “complex scientific content and concepts and... wider social implications of climate change.” The associated tasks are challenging. The overall complexity measure is complex.
Anchor/Core texts and a series of texts connected to them are accompanied by an accurate text complexity analysis and a rationale for educational purpose and placement in the grade level. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice, All American Boys, the Text Selection Rationale includes a Lexile rating of 770L for the text All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely. The rationale also includes qualitative features to consider, such as unique structure, “wordplay, figurative language, verbal irony, and tier-two vocabulary.” The Notes for Teachers section recommends that teachers send a parent letter advising them of the topics being discussed, profanity, and references to drinking and drugs. Resources are also available to help students facilitate conversations about race in their classrooms. The educational purpose of the text is to provide an opportunity for students to think deeply about the content and the complexities of racial injustice, police brutality, loyalty, and their obligation to stand up for what is right.
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, the Text Selection Rationale includes a Lexile rating for the novel Night by Elie Wiesel (590L), but the play The Diary of Anne Frank by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett is unrated. While the Lexile level for Night is below the Grade 8 Lexile band, the publisher notes that this text is often taught in high school courses because of text complexity: “His language is nonetheless complex because of his regular use of figurative language, symbols, motifs, and punctuation-- all in the service of communicating an experience that is impossible to capture in language. The vocabulary demands of the text are also high, as Wiesel uses many tier-two words. Students will need to have significant schematic support to understand Wiesel’s references to Judaism.” Similarly, The Diary of Anne Frank requires outside knowledge in order to fully comprehend the story, and the text structure may be unique to students as they must “differentiate between spoken lines and stage directions...the playwright has chosen to use voiceover narration in addition to dialogue.” While the overall story is chronological, there are “frequent jumps around in time that must be inferred by the reader.” The educational purpose of the texts is to provide an opportunity to explore human nature and students’ understanding of “one of the darkest moments in human history.” Elie Wiesel’s memoir and Anne Frank’s story resonate with young-adult readers, and “students begin to make connections between individual lives, historical events, and larger truths about what it means to be human.”
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, the Text Selection Rationale includes a Lexile rating for the anchor texts, Joseph Stalin (A Wicked History) by Sean McCollum (970L) and Animal Farm by George Orwell (1170L). The rationale includes qualitative features to consider for Animal Farm, such as tier-two and tier-three vocabulary words, subtle irony, and dense sentence structures. The educational purpose of Joseph Stalin is to “introduce students to the real-life atrocities committed during this time period and give them a small window into the lives of the tens of millions of people who were murdered, starved, exiled, imprisoned, or killed on the battlefield” and to build knowledge “around the rise of Communism and the Russian Revolution” before reading Animal Farm, which has a higher level of complexity. Animal Farm is the first allegory they will read, and students use both texts to examine propaganda and artistic expression.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, the Text Selection Rationale includes a Lexile rating for the anchor text, Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi (GN380L), which is below the Grade 8 Lexile band. The rationale includes qualitative features that highlight the complexity of the text, “particularly in terms of structure and knowledge demands,” such as “first-person narrator (the writer as an adult reflecting on her childhood) but occasionally transitions to different narrators who tell stories that are presented as flashbacks.” The educational purpose of the text is to continue students’ “year-long study of the relationship between power and human behavior” as they learn about coming of age during the Iranian Revolution. The text Persepolis will “provide insight into this significant historical event through young Margi’s eyes, learning about the human impact of political upheaval and the ways that people resist repression in large and small ways.”
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, the Text Selection Rationale does not include a Lexile rating for the anchor text, An inconvenient Truth by Al Gore. The rationale includes qualitative features, such as vocabulary demands with “multiple tier-two and tier-three words on most pages.” The qualitative features also make the text “both rigorous and accessible to 8th-grade readers, as they encounter complex scientific content and concepts and consider the wider social implications of climate change.” The educational purpose is to introduce students to the real-world problem of climate change. The Notes for Teachers section explicitly notes that climate change is not presented as a debate, and “students will read texts that include facts agreed upon by the scientific community.”
Indicator 1D
Series of texts should be at a variety of complexity levels appropriate for the grade band to support students’ literacy growth over the course of the school year.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 partially meet the criteria for Indicator 1d.
Materials include anchor and supporting texts that vary in complexity and support students’ literacy growth over the course of the school year; however, the teacher resources and supports are general and do not change as texts and tasks become more complex. The Unit Summary and individual lessons outline a path for growth in literacy skills over time. Each unit includes texts of varying complexity that are interconnected to add meaning to unit topics. Students practice skills during the beginning, middle, and end of the year and learn concepts and standards through repeated opportunities to approach their learning and build on previous assignments. Each lesson includes a Standards Map that shows when the literacy skills appear as core or supporting standards in units.
Materials provide general scaffolding guidance in the “Providing Supports for Text Complexity” section of the Teacher Tools, not in individual units or lessons and it is the same document for Grade 8 as it is for Grade 7. This page provides scaffolding support and suggestions, but they are not leveled or specific to texts or tasks. The supports include more time on the text, but that is suggested for all students, not a specific suggestion if students are struggling. Teacher Tools remain consistent, and there are no increasing supports or considerations for more complex texts and tasks. Students repeat similar activities over the course of the year, so increased assistance is not provided.
The complexity of anchor texts students read provides an opportunity for students’ literacy skills to increase across the year, encompassing an entire year’s worth of growth. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
One literacy skill taught throughout the year is to engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions. In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, in Lesson 21, the lesson objective for the anchor text All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely (770L, moderate complexity) states: “Engage in a Socratic Seminar with classmates, drawing evidence from unit texts, and carefully explaining reasoning. The teacher determines the type of discussion, and students answer proposed Discussion Questions that explore character development in the story, racial injustice in the story and within our world, and what people can do to stop injustices today. Two questions include, “Who changes more over the course of the text: Quinn or Rashad? Are Quinn and Rashad equally responsible for standing up against injustice?” In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, in Lesson 24, the lesson objective for one anchor text Animal Farm by George Orwell (1170L, highly complex) states: “Engage in a Socratic Seminar with peers, demonstrating a deep understanding of the text and topic by posing and responding to questions and providing evidence to support ideas.” The teacher determines the type of discussion, and students answer Discussion Questions that analyze Orwell’s feelings about communism, the most effective weapon Napoleon uses, why animals choose to believe Squealer’s lies, and the book is still relevant today. Two questions include, “Why did the animals continue to believe Squealer’s lies, even as they became more obvious? Is this book still relevant today?” In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, in Lesson 16, the lesson objective for the anchor text An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power by Al Gore (unleveled, complex) states: “Engage in a Socratic Seminar with peers, responding directly to others by rephrasing and delineating arguments, determining the strength of evidence, and posing clarifying questions.” The teacher determines the type of discussion, and the students answer Discussion Questions, such as “Must we change? Can we change? Will we change? What is the relationship between climate change, money, and power?”
Another literacy skill taught throughout the year is to determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to the characters, setting, and plot; provide an objective summary of the text. In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, in Lesson 18, the lesson objective for the anchor text All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely (770L, moderate complexity) states: “Determine themes in All American Boys and explain how they are developed over the course of the text.” Close Reading Questions ask: “What thematic topics do Reynolds and Kiely explore in this text? Try to come up with at least five. What theme do Reynolds and Kiely develop in All American Boys on the topic of “loyalty”? What specific sections, details, or events from the text help to develop this theme?” The Writing Prompt asks: “What theme do Reynolds and Kiely develop in All American Boys on the topic of ‘injustice’? What specific characters and/or events from the text help to develop this theme?” In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, in Lesson 20, the lesson objective for one anchor text Animal Farm by George Orwell (1170L, highly complex) states: “Determine what Orwell wants the reader to understand about the Russian Revolution and human nature more broadly, and explain how he develops these ideas in Animal Farm.” The Close Reading Question asks: “What does Orwell want the reader to understand about Stalin and the Russian Revolution?” In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, in Lesson 17, the lesson objective for the anchor text Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi (GN380L, medium complexity) states: “Determine themes in Persepolis and explain how Satrapi develops them in the text.” The Writing Prompt asks: “What theme does Satrapi develop on the topic of resistance? Write a paragraph in which you explain how she develops this theme over the course of the text. Provide examples from at least two different sections of the text and be sure to use references to text and images to support your answer.”
As texts become more complex, appropriate scaffolds and/or materials are not provided in the Teacher Edition (e.g., spending more time on texts, more questions, repeated readings, skill lessons). Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In the Teacher Tools, the general description of the supports available states: “The Fishtank ELA curriculum includes five types of supports to help provide students access to different features of text complexity-language supports, background knowledge supports, additional supports, foundational skills supports, and opportunities for enrichment. After you have determined the aspect of the texts that will be most challenging for your students, you can decide which supports are most appropriate. These supports can be used with the whole group, in small groups, or individually.” The guidance for teachers is the same across all grade levels.
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, (770 Lexile, moderate complexity), as students read the anchor text All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely (770L, moderate complexity) during Lesson 21, materials include various resources to support speaking and listening, such as Tiers of Academic Discourse, Types of Academic Discourse, Sentence Frames for Academic Discourse, Discussion Graphic Organizer. Teachers can also read more information about academic discourse with Preparing for Academic Discourse and Monitoring and Supporting Academic Discourse. These resources are provided in all units at each grade level where speaking and listening standards are assessed.
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, to prepare students for reading the anchor texts, Animal Farm by George Orwell (1170L, highly complex) and Joseph Stalin (A Wicked History) by Sean McCollum (970L, moderately complex), students learn about communism and capitalism by reading various complex articles in Lesson 1. They answer Close Read Questions; “Who has the most power in each economic system? Who gets rich in each economic system? Who does the majority of the work in each economic system? What are examples of countries that use each economic system?” Then they answer a Discussion Question: “Based on what you have read today, do you believe that a successful communist community is possible?” The Writing Prompts asks: “What are some of the arguments for and against capitalism? What are the arguments for and against communism?” While the lesson is leveled and provides scaffolding for students to better understand the concepts, the scaffolds are not specifically identified for teachers and there are no additional materials or supports for teachers if students struggle with reading the articles or understanding the complex ideas of the unit.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, students read literary and informational texts to learn about the Iranian Revolution. The majority of the unit is spent reading the anchor text Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi (GN380 Lexile, medium complexity). All supporting articles are unleveled and read in one day or are grouped and read in one day. Students also spend seven lessons watching a video to build background knowledge on Iran and completing a presentation. Students must use different types of images to make inferences about adult concepts and themes as they read the graphic novel and view the video. Materials do not provide additional support for any of the texts.
Indicator 1E
Materials provide opportunities for students to engage in a range and volume of reading to support their reading at grade level by the end of the school year, including accountability structures for independent reading.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 partially meet the criteria for Indicator 1e.
Materials include a variety of text types and genres to provide a range and volume of reading that offer opportunities for independent reading; however, there is limited support in place connecting to specific texts as students engage in these readings. The supports are more general or overarching within the program. Over the course of the year, students read different types of texts ranging from traditional print sources; such as literary and informational novels, newspaper articles, and magazine articles; to non-traditional sources such as graphic novels, films, and videos. Students engage in a volume of reading across the school year, including reading during and outside the school day on a consistent basis. The Teacher Tools section includes procedures and routines for different types of reading, including Interactive Read Alouds, Shared Reading, Partner Reading, and Small Group Reading. The materials include independent reading opportunities that are often homework assignments; students take part in comprehensive discussions and activities related to the homework reading in class the following day. The resource, Recommended Texts for Independent Reading, makes recommendations for fiction and non-fiction texts with aligned themes and topics and additional texts by the same author.
Teacher Tools provide additional guidance for educators relating to independent reading procedures, though the guidance is general rather than lesson-specific. For example, the Components of an ELA Lesson under the Homework heading states: “Some lessons require students to read sections of the text prior to class. Homework for the next lesson is identified. Homework should be assigned at the end of the class period.” Teacher Tools also offer guidance relating to Reading Structures and Routines, including information for Independent Reading for Homework (6–12): “...to ensure that all students spend at least 30 minutes reading a day, and to ensure that students have already done some of the literal thinking that will make close, thoughtful reading in class possible, sections of text are assigned for homework.” The Teacher Tools are consistent across grade levels, and the guidance provides suggestions for accountability measures, such as graphic organizers, annotations, and written checks for understanding. Though there is no specific tracking system provided, students are expected to complete reading homework on a regular basis to be able to complete in-class activities.
Instructional materials identify opportunities and provide limited supports for students to engage in reading a variety of text types and genres. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following::
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, students read the anchor text, All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely. Supplemental texts include articles, government documents, videos, a speech, short stories, and an opinion.
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, students read the anchor texts, The Diary of Anne Frank by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett (play) and Night by Elie Wiesel. Supplemental texts include videos, a memoir, and a speech.
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, students read two anchor texts, Joseph Stalin (A Wicked History) by Sean McCollum and Animal Farm by George Orwell. Supplemental texts include articles, videos, and the movie version of Animal Farm.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, students read the anchor text, Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi. Supplemental texts include articles, videos, a comic, and a radio segment.
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, students read the anchor text, An Inconvenient Sequel by Al Gore. Supplemental texts include articles, speeches, a short story, a website, and a fiction anthology.
Instructional materials clearly identify opportunities and limited supports for students to engage in a volume of reading. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, students read multiple texts such as: All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely, “What is White Privilege, Really?” by Cory Collins, and “The ‘Say Her Name’ Movement Started for a Reason: We Forget Black Women Killed by Police” by Precious Fondren. Throughout the unit, students engage in Close Read and Discussion Questions connecting to the assigned texts, allowing teachers to monitor student progress toward key understandings and connecting to the essential questions of each unit. Students also complete Target Tasks which provide an opportunity to demonstrate their understanding, practice essential skills, and receive feedback in preparation for the content assessments at the end of each unit. Opportunities are also available for students to engage in independent reading of assigned pages of the text as homework.
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, students read multiple texts such as: The Diary of Anne Frank by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, Night by Elie Wiesel, Ann Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl by Ann Frank, and “The Perils of Indifference” by Elie Wiesel. Throughout the unit, students engage in Close Read and Discussion Questions connecting to the assigned texts, allowing teachers to monitor student progress toward key understandings and connecting to the essential questions of each unit. Students also complete Target Tasks which provide an opportunity to demonstrate their understanding, practice essential skills, and receive feedback in preparation for the content assessments at the end of each unit. Opportunities are also available for students to engage in independent reading of assigned pages of the text as homework.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, students read multiple texts such as: Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi, “What is a Graphic Novel” by Jessica Abel, “How to read a comic book: appreciating the story behind the art” by Alex Abad-Santos, and “Why do Muslim women wear a hijab?” by Caitlin Killian. Throughout the unit, students engage in Close Read and Discussion Questions connecting to the assigned texts, allowing teachers to monitor student progress toward key understandings and connecting to the essential questions of each unit. Students also complete Target Tasks which provide an opportunity to demonstrate their understanding, practice essential skills, and receive feedback in preparation for the content assessments at the end of each unit. Opportunities are also available for students to engage in independent reading of assigned pages of the text as homework.
There is minimal teacher guidance to foster independence for all readers (e.g., independent reading procedures, proposed schedule, a tracking system for independent reading). Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Teacher Tools, Reading Structures and Routines, Independent Reading for Homework (6–12), guidance for a proposed schedule for independent reading is explained: “In order to show accelerated reading growth, students need to read for at least 15 minutes a day, with the greatest growth being shown in students who read over a half-hour to an hour a day. Due to the block structure of most middle and high schools, it would be nearly impossible for students to read in class for 30 minutes a day while also having time to critically analyze the text through discussion and writing. Therefore, to ensure that all students spend at least 30 minutes reading a day, and to ensure that students have already done some of the literal thinking that will make close, thoughtful reading in class possible, sections of text are assigned for homework.”
In Teacher Tools, Reading Structures and Routines, Independent Reading for Homework (6–12), guidance related to accountability is stated:
“Assign an annotation focus. Have students annotate in the text to show their understanding of the text. Student annotations can be used to show that students are reading and that they understand what they are reading. Students can return to their annotations during class discussions and writing.
Provide Graphic Organizers. While reading, have students use different graphic organizers to interact with the text. Potential graphic organizers include: Say, Mean, Matter Graphic Organizer or Double Journal Entry.”
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 11, students read the next chapter of Animal Farm by George Orwell for homework. Guidance includes specific questions for students to answer while reading, such as: “What event finally sparks the rebellion? What rule do the animals make about clothing? What do the pigs reveal that they have been learning?”
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 6, students read the article, “As Rising Heat Bakes US Cities, The Poor Often Feel It Most” by Meg Anderson and Sean McMinn. For homework, students read the article, “Notes from a Bottle” by James Stevenson. There are no specific directions given or trackers used for the independent reading that occurs in this lesson and throughout the rest of the unit; however, the Independent Reading for Homework portion of the Teacher Tools includes ideas for teachers to increase accountability, such as including written checks for understanding or the inclusion of graphic organizers. All units use this same reference as support for teachers.
Criterion 1.2: Tasks and Questions
Materials provide opportunities for rich and rigorous evidence-based discussions and writing about texts to build strong literacy skills.
The grade 8 materials include questions and tasks that require careful examination of texts over the course of a school year. The questions and tasks provide insights into the Essential Questions for each unit. Materials provide frequent opportunities and protocols for evidence-based discussions; however, those are not consistently referenced or available in lessons.
Materials include a mix of on-demand and process writing; however, materials do not provide ample time and tasks to build students’ literacy development in writing, and the guidance is minimal for specific skills. While the materials include opportunities for students to practice and apply different types of writing, the distribution does not reflect the requirements of the standards. Overall, explicit evidence-based writing instruction in student lessons is limited.
Materials also include limited explicit instruction for the grade-level grammar and usage standards, and students do not explicitly apply them in their writing. The materials include general guidance on how to teach vocabulary but no explicit instruction.
Indicator 1F
Most questions, tasks, and assignments are text-specific and/or text-dependent, requiring students to engage with the text directly (drawing on textual evidence to support both what is explicit as well as valid inferences from the text).
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 meet the criteria for Indicator 1f.
Materials include questions, tasks, and assignments that are text-specific and text-dependent, even at times referencing specific page numbers or portions of the text. The questions and tasks in the materials require careful examination of texts over the course of a school year, and the questions and tasks provide insights into the Essential Questions for each unit. Almost all segments of the Lesson Plan, including Writing Prompts, Close Read Questions, and Discussion Questions, require students to return to the text and provide evidence to support their ideas and support students in making meaning of core understanding of the texts being studied. The program uses a common system of organization, and students answer a series of writing prompts and questions to comprehend the text, build knowledge, and understand how the reading and tasks connect to each unit's overall topic/theme.
Materials provide support for planning instruction and implementing text-based questions and tasks, including Sample Responses and Notes for Teachers that highlight areas where students might struggle. The Notes for Teachers include suggestions for teaching and links to sources of support both within and outside of the materials. Additional lesson-specific Notes are available in some lessons, such as in Unit 5, Lesson 16.
Text-specific and text-dependent questions and tasks support students in making meaning of the core understandings of the texts being studied. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, Lesson 7, students read All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely and answer Close Read Questions: “How does watching the recording of the attack impact Rashad? Provide evidence from pages 94–95 to support your answer. Why did the authors most likely include the passage on page 106 about Jill’s party? What does this description reveal? Provide evidence from page 106 to support your answer.”
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 9, students complete the Writing Prompt: “Which specific incidents, lines of text, and panels reveal that Marji is very young and has more to learn about how the world works? Provide at least two examples from today’s reading, referencing both text and images to support your answer.”
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 3, students read “The Science of Climate Change Explained” by Julia Rosen and answer the Writing Prompt: “What evidence does Rosen provide to support the claim that climate change is caused by human activity? How does she respond to ideas that challenge this claim? Provide specific evidence from the section.”
Teacher materials provide support for planning and implementation of text-based questions and tasks. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In all units, materials provide support for teachers. In the Unit Summary, materials provide a number of supports for teachers when approaching the unit texts, including an overview of both the text and the learning outcomes. The Unit Summary includes the Notes for Teachers section which contains pertinent information about teaching the core text, such as how to approach specific lessons and where to find further supports in the materials. In each lesson, the Key Understandings section provides an overview of the Skills and Strategies that students should be learning and using. The Knowledge section provides the main ideas and plot details from the text(s).
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Unit Summary, the Notes for Teachers section includes several suggestions for teachers about preparing to teach the texts, such as: “We highly recommend that you send a letter home to parents explaining the content area that will be discussed in this unit.” Materials also provide a list of links that connect teachers with resources: “There are many resources available to support teachers in talking with their students about the Holocaust and anti-Semitism.”
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 14, students complete a target task where they compare characters in two unit texts, Animal Farm by George Orwell and Joseph Stalin (A Wicked History) by Sean McCollum. Materials provide a Sample Response, which includes an additional note at the end for teachers: “*Students may also identify that Napoleon and Stalin both use propaganda/manipulative language, but there is less evidence to support this position in the sections of Stalin (A Wicked History) we read today.”
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 16, students participate in a Socratic seminar where they focus on Discussion Questions from informational texts in the unit: “What is the relationship between climate change, money, and power? Does individual action matter to limiting climate change?” The Notes section includes guidance such as “Create clear expectations for the discussion and student groups (if necessary). Additionally, decide what discourse strategies you will model for students to ensure that students are able to effectively engage with one another (for guidance, see our Teacher Tool about Tiers of Academic Discourse).” Materials also include sentence stems for student support as they answer discussion questions.
Indicator 1G
Materials provide frequent opportunities and protocols for evidence-based discussions.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 partially meet the criteria for Indicator 1g.
Materials provide frequent opportunities and protocols for evidence-based discussions. Students practice speaking and listening skills with Discussion Questions in each lesson, which are “open-ended questions designed to prompt student reflection on the day’s reading and to make connections between the text, larger social issues, and their own lives. Discussion questions often come at the end of lessons and are an opportunity to bring students together to speak and listen to one another.” Each unit also includes a full day of Socratic Seminar discussion. The protocols provided in the Academic Discourse section support students’ developing speaking and listening skills for a variety of discussions, including different formats of whole class, small group, and partner discussions.
Materials provide teachers with many options for including discourse in the classroom and the freedom to choose which protocols are appropriate for their students; however, teachers do not always have specific guidance relating to which Academic Discourse protocol to use in each situation. The Academic Discourse section in the Teacher Tools includes varied protocols for the whole group, small group, and partner discussions; however, some individual lessons do not indicate specific protocols to use when students answer Discussion Questions. The materials provide some guidance for use of protocols with formal discussions such as Socratic Seminar, but it is not consistent in all lessons or units. Instructional supports and resources that help with engaging students in discourse, creating a classroom culture that supports conversation, and monitoring student growth are available for teachers consistently in the Teacher Tools and with additional Notes in some lessons. The Academic Discourse section provides teachers with four different resources for guiding and supporting students in developing speaking and listening skills. These resources are referenced and linked for Socratic Seminars across the units but not for informal discussion opportunities.
Materials provide varied protocols to support students’ developing speaking and listening skills across the whole year’s scope of instructional materials; however, protocols are not always readily available for teachers. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In the Teacher Tools, Academic Discourse section, different types of protocols are provided. One example is whole-group discussion, which includes the following protocol: “Take a Stand gives students a chance to articulate and reflect on their opinions. Students are posed with a question that requires them to take a side. Students then work together to convince others why they picked a particular side. Students then present what they have prepared to the opposing side.
Teacher or student poses a question where there are two opposing answers or a claim to be confirmed or rejected.
Students think and record their answers.
Teachers assign a side of the classroom for each side.
Students move to the side of the room they most agree with.
Students on each side take turns trying to convince the other side they are correct.
After a set amount of time, students can switch sides to reflect new thinking.”
In each unit, a Socratic Seminar is provided as a formal discussion, and students use one teacher-chosen, an open-ended question from the multiple Discussion Questions provided in the lesson. The same directions are provided for the teacher in the Notes section of each Socratic Seminar lesson: “Decide which Type of Academic Discourse you want to use in this lesson. We recommend a table-group discussion, fishbowl, or whole-class discussion. Then, choose which of this lesson’s Discussion Questions you are going to have students answer. Consider how much discussion time will be devoted to each question.”
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 9, students answer Discussion Questions: “Do you think that optimism or pessimism is a more useful emotion/perspective on the world? What is the difference between optimism and delusion?” There is no recommended protocol to use in the lesson plan.
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 24, students engage in a Socratic Seminar about Animal Farm by George Orwell. Six open-ended Discussion Questions are provided in the lesson and teachers choose one question. There are no teacher directions on whether all the questions are discussed in small group or partner discussions prior to the Socratic Seminar. Teachers can choose a protocol by accessing the Academic Discourse section in Teacher Tools; they are not included in the lesson.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 20, students engage in a Socratic Seminar about all the unit texts. Seven open-ended Discussion Questions are provided in the lesson and teachers choose one question. There are no teacher directions on whether all the questions are discussed in small group or partner discussions prior to the Socratic Seminar. Teachers can choose a protocol by accessing the Academic Discourse section in Teacher Tools; they are not included in the lesson.
Speaking and listening instruction includes facilitation, monitoring, and instructional supports for teachers. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In the Teacher Tools, Academic Discourse tab, the Overview states: “During effective academic discourse, students are engaging in high-quality, productive, and authentic conversations with each other (not just the teacher) in order to build or clarify understanding of a topic. To ensure that academic discourse is effective, teachers need to establish a classroom culture and routines that foster productive discourse.” Suggestions for Establishing a Strong Discourse Culture include creating shared norms in the classroom, modeling what a successful conversation looks like, and providing specific feedback to students. Following this statement, materials provide teachers with an overview of the linked resources: Preparing for Academic Discourse, Types of Academic Discourse, Tiers of Academic Discourse, and Monitoring and Supporting Academic Discourse. In the Types of Academic Discourse resource, materials provide teachers with specific protocols and directions to facilitate Whole Class Discussion, Small Group Discussion, and Partner Conversation.
In the Teacher Tools, the Monitoring and Supporting Academic Discourse document outlines ways that teachers can “progress monitor and support students’ development of key conversation and discourse strategies.” The document includes other suggestions for support, such as:
“Provide sentence frames for students to use. Sentence frames should help students articulate their thoughts. Include sentence frames that use a variety of sentence structures to ensure that students have multiple options.
Provide scaffolding questions. If students are unable to initially answer the original question, provide scaffolding questions that build students to the deeper understandings.”
In the Teacher Tools, the Tiers of Academic Discourse resource provides an explanation of each tier. Tier 1 describes how students clarify and share their thoughts. Materials provide information on three elements of instruction: Key Student Discourse Strategies, Key Teacher Talk Moves, and Sentence Frames. In Tier 2, students engage with the thinking of others; as with Tier 1, materials provide information on the three elements of instruction. In Tier 3, students critique and analyze the reasoning of others; as found in Tiers 1 and 2, materials provide information on the three elements of instruction.
In the Teacher Tools, the Monitoring and Supporting Academic Discourse resource includes an Overview statement: “The goal is that by the end of the year, students will be able to participate in academic discourse using strategies from all three components, allowing them to show a deeper and more nuanced understanding of key content. Based on data from progress monitoring, students may need additional support in order to effectively orally communicate key ideas. Use the suggested supports below to decide which support to add for the whole class or for subsets of students.” Materials provide teachers with the following downloadable tools to use in the classroom: Academic Discourse Rubric, Discussion Self Assessment, Discussion Peer Assessment, Socratic Seminar Recording Form, and End-of-Discussion Assessment.
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 24, the Types of Academic Discourse and Tiers of Academic Discourse resources are linked within the lesson. The Types of Academic Discourse document provides teachers with a set of discussion types (e.g., whole class discussion, small group discussion, and partner conversations) with specific discussion strategies (e.g., Rally Coach, Fishbowl, and Take a Stand) and instructions on each.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 20, materials include Teacher Tools for guidance when deciding which Type of Academic Discourse to utilize in the classroom (table-group discussion, fishbowl, or whole-class discussion). Teachers can select which of the lesson’s Discussion Questions students will answer. Other Teacher Tools include guidance for Supporting Students with Academic Discourse, such as ensuring the transfer of knowledge: “Provide students with sentence frames. Provide students with sentence frames that reflect how their opinion or understanding may have changed.
At first I thought, _____________________. Based on the discussion, I now think ____________________.
Prior to the discussion I thought ____________________. My classmates ideas confirmed my ideas because _____________________.”
Indicator 1H
Materials support students’ listening and speaking about what they are reading and researching (including presentation opportunities) with relevant follow-up questions and evidence.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 meet the criteria for Indicator 1h.
Materials include multiple opportunities for students to demonstrate what they are reading through various speaking and listening tasks in all units. The speaking and listening activities all require evidence from unit texts. Many discussions require students to have read the texts in advance to identify the author’s argument, create their own claims, and provide enough evidence to support their claims. Lessons regularly include Discussion Questions that allow students to practice speaking and listening skills. Each unit includes a Socratic Seminar. Research and formal presentation activities require data and images and offer students opportunities to ask clarifying questions of peers and work cooperatively. Academic Discourse Teacher Tools include guidance by providing key discourse strategies, teacher talk moves, and sentence frames. The materials provide tools to monitor academic discourse, including rubrics and recording forms, and the Teacher Tools include protocols for whole-class, small-group, and partner discourse. Teachers are provided with appropriate support and information to effectively teach students how to create collegial relationships and how to interact in discussions.
Students have multiple opportunities over the school year to demonstrate what they are reading through varied speaking and listening opportunities. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In the Teacher Tools, Academic Discourse, Tiers of Academic Discourse, the Tier 3 Key Teacher Talk Moves states: “Press for reasoning: Teacher pushes students to apply their own reasoning to someone else’s reasoning. Potential questions include, ‘Do you agree or disagree with X, why? What do you think about X argument, why?’” and “Turn and Talk: Teacher gives students time to talk through their ideas with a partner. Student talk should focus on arriving at consensus or critiquing/defending a position.”
In the Teacher Tools, Academic Discourse, Types of Academic Discourse section, for the Fishbowl protocol, teachers are directed to “make sure that students understand the roles they will play.” Those roles are then defined as “inner circle discusses a question” and “the outer circle observes.” Teachers are then instructed that “This seminar structure is most effective if students in the outer circle are given a specific task – often to observe an assigned member of the inner circle and track that person’s arguments and general participation in order to give feedback.”
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, Lesson 4, students explain how racism and racial bias shape the way that characters in All American Boys by Jason Reynold and Brendan Kiely are viewed. Students watch the video, “A conversation about Growing Up Black” by The New York Times. Students answer the following Writing Prompt: “In the video, ‘A Conversation about Growing Up Black,’ one young man—Bisa—says, ‘The way people perceive you is not up to you.’ (2:14-2:20). How would Rashad’s father respond to this idea? Provide at least one piece of evidence from pages 49-52 to support your answer. How would Spoony respond to this statement? Provide at least one piece of evidence from pages 52-53 and 60 to support your answer.” Students also answer Discussion Questions: “Why do you think that Rashad’s father is so hard on his sons? Does the video we watched today change your understanding of his behavior?”
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 5, students work with a group to create an information poster that explains a specific type of propaganda. Students include research and examples of the propaganda. The Lesson Objective is for students to present their poster to classmates, while the Skills and Strategies section states that students should “Present that information clearly and in a way their classmates can understand.” In Lesson 21, students compare the film and text versions of Animal Farm by George Orwell and discuss how Napoleon is characterized differently in each medium and why the director may have made this choice. Students are instructed to include evidence from both texts.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 20, students participate in a Socratic Seminar connecting to the reading of all unit texts. The lesson addresses the core standards SL.8.1.d (acknowledge new information expressed by others, and, when warranted, qualify or justify their own views in light of the evidence presented). Teacher Tools are available including an Academic Discourse Rubric that assesses students’ ability to clarify and share their own thoughts, engage with the thinking of others, and critique and analyze the reasoning of others. Additional resources are available to support students with sentence stems they can utilize during the academic discourse.
Speaking and listening work requires students to utilize, apply, and incorporate evidence from texts and/or sources. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, Lesson 20, students prepare for the Socratic Seminar the following day as homework, which connects to the reading of All American Boys by Jason Reynold and Brendan Kiely: “Review the discussion questions and gather sufficient evidence.” Discussion Questions are available in Lesson 21, such as “Are Quinn and Rashad equally responsible for standing up against injustice?”
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 23, students present digital presentations using appropriate volume, eye contact, emphasis, and pronunciation. Students work in groups to create the digital presentation, which “Includes at least four photographs and a map or graph/chart.” A sample presentation is available with a map to provide support.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 18, students watch the video, “Majede Najar: Why I wear a hijab” by TEDTalentSearch, and analyze the central idea, noting how the speaker develops her arguments.
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 16, students participate in a Socratic Seminar. The objective of the lesson includes: “responding directly to others by rephrasing and delineating arguments, determining the strength of evidence, and posing clarifying questions.” The Teacher Tools include support for the Tiers of Academic Discourse, including sentence frames “To question/clarify to fully understand classmates’ ideas.”
Indicator 1I
Materials include a mix of on-demand and process writing (e.g., multiple drafts, revisions over time) and short, focused projects, incorporating digital resources where appropriate.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 partially meet the criteria for Indicator 1i.
Materials include a mix of on-demand and process writing; however, materials do not provide ample time and tasks to build students’ literacy development in writing. The guidance is minimal for specific skills. Students complete on-demand prompts that connect to the discussions and activities for each lesson, and each unit includes process writing that spans more than one lesson. Specifically, students write longer essays to prompts that connect to the core and supplemental texts using the steps of the writing process. In some units, students use digital resources to conduct research and create digital materials for presentations. The Teacher Tools include multiple resources with further details on how to provide guidance on both process and on-demand writing, including planning and executing writing lessons and strategies for giving feedback. Within each lesson and student-facing materials, opportunities to edit and revise are present; however, instruction and practice of those skills do not exist beyond mentioning it as an objective.
Materials include on-demand writing opportunities that cover a year’s worth of instruction; however, opportunities for students to revise and edit are minimal. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 5, students read pages 40–53 from The Diary of Anne Frank by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett and answer the Writing Prompt: “How does Anne’s new relationship with Peter change her perspective? What specific incidents and lines of text reveal this change? Provide at least two pieces of evidence from today’s reading to support your answer.”
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, students consider “the purpose of a gutter in comic art” and support their answers with evidence. The writing opportunity connects to the reading of two texts “What is a Graphic Novel?” by Jessica Abel and “How to read a comic book: appreciating the story behind the art” by Alex Abad-Santos.
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 15, students write three short responses connecting to the reading of An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power by Al Gore and “The seven megatrends that could beat global warming: 'There is reason for hope'” by Damian Carrington. One question asks: “What evidence does Carrington provide to support these key points? Provide evidence from sections 1 and 7.”
Materials include process writing opportunities that cover a year’s worth of instruction; however, opportunities for students to revise and edit are minimal. Examples include, but are not limited to the following:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, Lesson 25, the Objectives state that students revise their narrative for transitions, mechanics, and organization. During the task, students engage in creative writing and “feature a first-person narrator who tells a story about a conflict; this can be inspired by real life, including problems that you (or someone else) experienced. Investigate the gap between how people see themselves and how others see them.” The writing project takes place over four lessons. No further guidance is provided on how to revise.
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 25, students “Write a five-paragraph literary analysis that explores how rhetorical appeals (ethos, pathos, and logos) are used as propaganda,” connecting to Animal Farm by George Orwell. The writing task takes place over three lessons. During Lesson 27, students revise their essays for clarity, mechanics, and organization. No guidance is provided on how to revise. As homework, students check their work for the requirements utilizing the Argumentative Writing: Literary Analysis Essay Rubric. The rubric provides criteria for the introduction, three body paragraphs, and conclusion. There are also criteria available relating to Form and Style and Language and Mechanics. Teacher guidance includes, “Students who finish early may benefit from working as a peer-editor.” There is no guidance in the lesson or the materials for when or how teachers help students revise.
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lessons 17–19, students complete the culminating writing task where they “write a letter to your representatives (two senators and a representative) in Congress, educating them on climate change and urging them to take action.” In the three lessons, students gather information on their representative’s voting record, draft a thesis and body paragraphs, and revise and edit their letters for form and style, ensuring that they use strong clauses to connect ideas. No guidance is provided on how to revise.
Materials include digital resources where appropriate. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lessons 20–23, students research modern violent persecution and groups that are “currently under genocide alert” for a research presentation. They conduct research on a computer for the information and to “create a digital presentation” that uses slides to show their research.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lessons 2–6, students receive a list of suggested topics from Iranian history and culture that match the lessons in the unit. The prompt states: “Working with your group, create a digital presentation.” This digital presentation must include slides, images, facts, statistics, and quotations from their research.”
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 17, students gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources. Students “collect information on their representatives’ voting record on climate change” and write a letter to their “representatives (two senators and a representative) in Congress, educating them on climate change and urging them to take action.”
Indicator 1J
Materials provide opportunities for students to address different text types of writing that reflect the distribution required by the standards.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 partially meet the criteria for Indicator 1j.
Materials include opportunities for students to practice and apply different types of writing; however, the distribution does not reflect the requirements of the standards. Students write argumentative, informative, and narrative assignments, though the percentage of informative lessons is less than the percentage of argumentative and narrative lessons, reflecting a 40/20/40 split. All writing assignments are text-specific or text-dependent and are connected to a unit theme and/or yearlong theme. Materials include explicit instruction in the different types of writing, though the instruction is not directly included in the teacher's plans for each lesson. The resources are found in the Teacher Tools, Instructional Strategies for Writing Lessons (6–8) section. In addition, materials offer teacher support for planning instruction and guiding student thinking with example answers in each lesson and Notes that highlight areas where students might struggle. These Notes include suggestions for teaching and links to sources of support within and outside of the materials.
Materials provide multiple opportunities across the school year for students to learn, practice, and apply different genres/modes/types of writing; however, opportunities do not reflect the distribution required by the standards. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
Materials include uneven distribution of writing types with the following percentages for the different modes of writing: 40% argumentative, 20% informative, and 40% narrative. The number of writing opportunities in each mode is four argumentative, two informative, and four narrative.
Percentage or number of opportunities for argumentative writing: Four units address argumentative writing. Approximately 40% of writing opportunities over five units are argumentative.
Unit 1: 1
Unit 2: 1
Unit 3: 1
Unit 4: 0
Unit 5: 1
Percentage or number of opportunities for informative/explanatory writing: Two units address informative writing. Approximately 20% of writing opportunities over five units are informative.
Unit 1: 0
Unit 2: 1
Unit 3: 0
Unit 4: 1
Unit 5: 0
Percentage or number of opportunities for narrative writing: Three units address narrative writing. Approximately 40% of writing opportunities over five units are narrative.
Unit 1: 2
Unit 2: 0
Unit 3: 0
Unit 4: 1
Unit 5: 1
Explicit instruction in argumentative writing: Materials include Teacher Tools to provide Persuasive/Argumentative Writing Feedback and Support. For example, if students are struggling to create topic sentences that flow from the thesis statement, one “strategy is to work backward through specific evidence to build the main claim and the topic sentences. This can also be modeled by:
selecting a particularly persuasive line of evidence from the research
building next to a topic sentence that would flow from that evidence
finally crafting a thesis statement that would include the sub claim from the topic sentence as part of the comprehensive argument”
Explicit instruction in informative/explanatory writing: Materials include Teacher Tools to provide Informational Writing Feedback and Support. One example includes if students are struggling to use transitional words, phrases, or clauses to manage the sequence of events, teachers can “Review and model how to use transitional phrases to manage the sequence of events.
Transitional words or phrases can be used to show there is a transition in time. (The next day, after a while, before long, late that afternoon, the next thing I knew, etc.)”
Transitional words and phrases can be used to show there is a transition in setting or location. (In our backyard, when we went upstairs, at the post office, behind the trees etc.)
Transitional words and phrases can be used to show a sequence of events or to show the connection between events. (At the beginning, as a result, it started when, as soon as, in the end, etc.)”
Explicit instruction in narrative writing: The Teacher Tools include guidance to provide Narrative Writing Feedback and Support. For example, if students are struggling to develop a point of view or establish a context, teachers can prompt students to think about the following questions when brainstorming setting:
What is the main location?
Are there any features of the main location that make it unique and should be highlighted?
Are there activities or occupations that are unique and/or important to the setting?
Does the setting influence the mood?
How does the setting influence the character’s actions?
Different genres/modes/types of writing are distributed throughout the school year. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
Students have opportunities to engage in argumentative writing. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
Introduce claim(s), acknowledge and distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 26, students “Write a five-paragraph literary analysis that explores how rhetorical appeals (ethos, pathos, and logs) are used as propaganda in the book.” The writing task requires students to introduce a claim and organize the reasons and evidence logically.
Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources and demonstrating an understanding of the topic or text. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 26, students must support the claim for the five-paragraph literary analysis with logical reasoning and relevant evidence from the text Animal Farm by George Orwell. The Writing Prompt includes the following guidance, “Support your argument with evidence from the text to develop your thesis.”
Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, Lesson 12, students explain the ways that characters' lives are shaped by race and racism in the text All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely. Students practice the skill of using words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence as a supporting standard in the lesson.
Establish and maintain a formal style. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 19, students revise letters for form and style, using strong clauses to create cohesion between ideas. The Writing Prompt asks students to “Use formal, concise language that communicates the urgency of the situation.” students practice the skill of establishing and maintaining a formal style as a supporting standard in the lesson.
Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 27, students draft an introduction and conclusion for the five-paragraph literary analysis. The Writing Prompt asks students to “Include a strong introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion for the essay.” Students practice providing a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented as a core standard in the lesson.
Students have opportunities to engage in informative/explanatory writing. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categories; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., charts, tables), and multimedia when useful to aid comprehension. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 20, students choose a group currently under a genocide alert, research that group, and consider how to use written text and images to produce a digital presentation. Specifically, students start with an introduction that will explain the background information about the genocide.
Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 2, the students work in groups to ”dive as deeply as you can into one specific aspect of Iranian history in order to create a presentation that will educate your classmates.” Students include “accurate facts, statistics, and quotations,” “background on the topic,” and “a response or quotation from a witness and/or experts.”
Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 20, students choose a group currently under a genocide alert, research that group, and consider how to use text and images to produce a digital presentation. As a part of this lesson, students are expected to develop a clear and organized presentation including showing the relationships between ideas.
Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 2, the students work in groups to ”dive as deeply as you can into one specific aspect of Iranian history in order to create a presentation that will educate your classmates.” The presentations will occur in the first five minutes of the class period with correlating content. Students must include” any technical terms or definitions needed to understand the content.”
Establish and maintain a formal style. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 23, students present their findings about the group they studied who is currently undergoing a genocide. In this presentation, students are expected to demonstrate a solid knowledge of English grammar, using verbs in both active and passive voices.
Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 20, students choose a group currently under a genocide alert, research that group, and consider how to use text and images to produce a digital presentation. As a conclusion, students will make recommendations that their classmates can take to help.
Students have opportunities to engage in narrative writing. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and point of view and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally and logically. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, Lesson 22, students begin to write a narrative exploring perspective. For this assignment, students are explicitly directed to include a first-person narrator who “tells a story about a conflict.”
Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, description, and reflection, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 21, students must “Include dialogue” when crafting their narrative essay or comic. Students practice utilizing effective narrative techniques, and a Sample Response is available on Page 16 from the mentor text Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi.
Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence, signal shifts from one time frame or setting to another, and show the relationships among experiences and events. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 21, the Writing Prompt includes the requirement that students, “Include transitions between pals to indicate shifts in time and the relationship between events” if they select to create a comic, and a similar requirement is included for the essay, in that students must “Include transition words that indicate shifts in time and the relationship between events.”
Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to capture the action and convey experiences and events. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, Lesson 22, students begin to write a narrative exploring perspective. For this assignment, students are reminded to include “dialogue, descriptive details, and language that appeals to the five senses.” The Teacher Tools Writing section includes ways that teachers can support students who are struggling with these skills.
Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on the narrated experiences or events. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 21, the final requirement listed for students if they choose to create an essay or comic is “Include a conclusion that logically follows from the narrative.”
Where appropriate, writing opportunities are connected to texts and/or text sets (either as prompts, models, anchors, or supports). Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, All American Boys, Lesson 12, students answer a Writing Prompt connected to the text, All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely. The Writing Prompt states: “On page 215, Quinn writes, ‘The Invisible Man at Central High: Rashad.’ How do the authors develop the idea in today’s reading that Rashad is ‘invisible’? Write a two-paragraph response in which you provide two ways that the authors develop this idea, and provide evidence from pages 186–218 to support your answer.”
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 21, students write either an essay or a comic strip that narrates an important experience from their lives that changed them in some way. This experience connects to Marjane Satrapi’s memoir, Persepolis, where she describes growing up during the Iranian Revolution.
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 10, the narrative writing task is based on synthesizing multiple texts in the unit. The prompt states: “You have read a number of nonfiction texts about the current and potential impacts of climate change on our planet. You have also read several examples of poetry and short stories that discuss the climate crisis and what the future might hold. Your task is to write your own cli-fi short story that provides an answer to the following question: What might life on this planet look like if we do not address the climate crisis? Using what you have learned about scientists’ predictions for our future, write a story that describes the experience of at least one main character who is attempting to navigate this new, inhospitable planet.”
Indicator 1K
Materials include frequent opportunities for evidence-based writing to support careful analyses, well-defended claims, and clear information.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 partially meet the criteria for Indicator 1k.
Although materials include opportunities for students to participate in writing tasks requiring analysis of and evidence from texts and other credible sources, explicit evidence-based writing instruction in the student lessons is limited to teacher guidance such as a sample writing response. Students engage in close reading tasks, develop claims for an intended audience, and support their position with evidence. Evidence used throughout the units comes primarily from texts included in the materials and independent research at times. Writing opportunities connect purposefully to the texts students are reading, and the tasks provide a means for building knowledge and writing skills across the school year. Students practice utilizing claims and support consistently, and rarely is writing done simply based on opinion.
Materials provide opportunities across the school year for students to learn, practice, and apply writing using evidence; however, materials provide limited opportunities across the school year for students to learn about writing using evidence. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 14, students read Night by Elie Wiesel and answer the Writing Prompt: “Compare the different reactions that Wiesel and his neighbor in the infirmary have to the news that the Red Army might be soon liberating Buna. What do their responses reveal about each person? Support your answer with two pieces of evidence from pages 78–81, and explain how they support your ideas.” Materials include a Sample Response for reference. The teacher does not provide students with explicit evidence-based writing instruction and materials do not offer any other teacher guidance for the writing prompt in the lesson.
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 3, students read pages 38–49 from Joseph Stalin (A Wicked History) by Sean McCollum and answer the Writing Prompt: “What does the revolution—and its aftermath—reveal about Stalin as a person and as a leader?” Students use “at least three different pieces of evidence” to support the claim. Materials include a Sample Response for reference. The teacher does not provide students with explicit evidence-based writing instruction and materials do not offer any other teacher guidance for the writing prompt in the lesson.
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 13, students read the article, "Focusing on How Individuals Can Stop Climate Change Is Very Convenient for Corporations” by Morten Fibieger Byskov, and answer the Writing Prompt, in which they explain how the author responds to “conflicting evidence and viewpoints in their writing[.] Provide at least two different examples and carefully explain your thinking.” Students must focus on the counter-argument in the writing and explain how the author establishes it. Materials include a Sample Response for reference. The teacher does not provide students with explicit evidence-based writing instruction and materials do not offer any other teacher guidance for the writing prompt in the lesson.
Writing opportunities are focused on students’ careful analysis and claims developed from reading closely and working with evidence from texts and sources. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, Lesson 16, students read All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely and answer the question, taking the perspective of Quinn: “What does it mean to be an All-American boy?” To support their claim, students must include evidence from the text.
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 21, students read Animal Farm by George Orwell and watch a film by the same title. Then students answer the Writing Prompt: “Contrast the ways that Napoleon is depicted early in the novel and early in the film. Provide evidence from both the text and film to support your answer. Evaluate the director’s choices.”
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 23, students apply skills they have practiced when they complete the Unit Assessment. In Section 2 of the assessment, students write an essay in response to the prompt: “Why did Satrapi write Persepolis? What impact has this graphic novel had on readers and on the world?” Students provide textual evidence to support their position from texts “Why I wrote Persepolis” by Marjane Satrapi and “Rereading Persepolis in 2020: What I’ve Learned” by Giovanna Centeno.
Indicator 1L
Materials include explicit instruction of the grade-level grammar and usage standards, with opportunities for application in context.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 partially meet the criteria for Indicator 1l.
Materials include limited explicit instruction for the grade-level grammar and usage standards, and based on the information provided in the lessons, students do not explicitly apply them in their writing. The grammar standards are listed as core standards in the Standards Map, are referred to in some lesson objectives, and are named in writing rubrics; however, the guidance for educators is minimal and not lesson-specific. Explicit instruction in the lessons is insufficient to ensure students meet all the grade-level grammar and usage standards with the necessary support for application in context. Within writing lessons, students have opportunities to notice how authors use language and its conventions; however, there are no specific lessons, protocols, or practice opportunities for students to learn and apply the skills. In Teacher Support, the Writing section addresses grammar in the Approach to Language and Grammar Instruction: “Fishtank ELA units teach grammar and language in context by integrating grammar and mechanics with craft and analysis. Students see how grammar and language help authors communicate specific ideas, and then learn how to use the same techniques in their Before writing.” This section also provides tips and a blank graphic organizer for students to use to create an Editing Checklist; however, this is not called out in the individual lessons within the units. The Teacher Tools encourage educators to provide opportunities for progress monitoring, including thinking about questions from Mechanically Inclined, such as “What have I done to teach this grammar of mechanics pattern?” The Teacher Tools are general, connecting to all grade levels and units.
Materials include very limited explicit instruction of the grade-level grammar and usage standards and few include authentic opportunities for students to demonstrate the application of skills in context, including applying grammar and convention skills to writing.
Students have minimal opportunities to explain the function of verbals (gerunds, participles, infinitives) in general and their function in particular sentences. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, Lesson 22, the objective is to “translate the expectations of the writing task and analyze a mentor text.” At the end of the lesson, the standards identify that students should be working on L.8.1.a and that they will “explain the function of verbals (gerunds, participles, infinitives) in general and their function in particular sentences.” Materials do not provide any other guidance for teaching or reinforcing this skill. This skill repeats in Lessons 23, 24, and 25 with different objectives.
Students have minimal opportunities to form and use verbs in the active and passive voice. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 20, the objective states that students will “outline the stages of genocide in preparation for creating a presentation.” At the end of the lesson, the standards identify that students should be working on L.8.1.b and that they will “form and use verbs in the active and passive voice.” Materials do not include any other guidance for teaching or reinforcing this skill.
Students have minimal opportunities to form and use verbs in the indicative, imperative, interrogative, conditional, and subjunctive moods. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 25, the standard L.8.1.c is listed as a core standard, but the Lesson Materials do not address using indicative, imperative, interrogative, conditional, and subjunctive verbs.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 2, the objective states that students will “formulate research questions about a topic.” At the end of the lesson, the standards identify that students should be working on L.8.1.c and that they will “form and use verbs in the indicative, imperative, interrogative, conditional, and subjunctive mood.” Materials do not provide any other guidance for teaching or reinforcing this skill. This skill repeats in the standards list for Lesson 3.
Students have minimal opportunities to recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in verb voice and mood. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 27, the objective states that students will “Revise essay for clarity, mechanics, and organization,” and references standard L.8.1.d. Materials do not include any other guidance for teaching or reinforcing this skill.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 4, the objective states that students will “compare new ideas to prior knowledge and reflect on new understanding.” At the end of the lesson, the standards identify that students should be working on L.8.1.d and that they will “recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in verb voice and mood.” Materials do not provide any other guidance for teaching or reinforcing this skill. This skill repeats in the standards list for Lesson 5.
Students have minimal opportunities to use punctuation (comma, ellipsis, dash) to indicate a pause or break. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 17, the objective is to “identify the features of a successful letter to Congress, collect information on their representatives’ voting record on climate change, and begin to craft a strong hook.” At the end of the lesson, the standards identify that students should be working on L.8.2.a, and that they will “use punctuation (comma, ellipsis, dash) to indicate a pause or break.” Materials do not include any other guidance for teaching or reinforcing this skill. This skill repeats in Lesson 18 with a different objective.
Students have minimal opportunities to use an ellipsis to indicate an omission. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 17, the standard L.8.2.a is listed as a core standard, but “use punctuation (comma, ellipsis, dash) to indicate a pause or break” is not mentioned in the lesson materials. In Lesson 19, the objective is to “revise letters for form and style, using strong clauses to create cohesion between ideas.” At the end of the lesson, the standards identify that students should be working on L.8.2.b and that they will “use an ellipsis to indicate an omission.” Materials do not provide any other guidance for teaching or reinforcing this skill.
Students have minimal opportunities to spell correctly. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 19, the objective states that students “revise letters for form and style, using strong clauses to create cohesion between ideas.” The lesson names L.8.2, demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing, as a core standard. Standard L.8.2.c is a supporting standard. Materials do not include any other guidance for teaching or reinforcing this skill.
Students have minimal opportunities to use verbs in the active and passive voice and in the conditional and subjunctive mood to achieve particular effects (e.g., emphasizing the actor or the action, expressing uncertainty, or describing a state contrary to fact). Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 6, the objective states that students “Logically organize the information in their presentations and include all required components.” Standard L.8.3.a is a supporting standard. Materials do not provide any other guidance for teaching or reinforcing this skill.
Indicator 1M
Materials include a cohesive, year-long plan for students to interact with and build key academic vocabulary words in and across texts.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 partially meet the criteria for Indicator 1m.
Materials include a rationale for how vocabulary should be taught and how the publisher views vocabulary as part of a lesson; however, there is no explicit instruction on the vocabulary that is essential to understanding the text within lessons. Although vocabulary words and definitions are listed in each lesson, the words are not addressed during the lesson. Vocabulary is not part of questions and activities. Students have multiple opportunities to engage with domain-specific vocabulary words across units but do not have the same opportunity for text-based vocabulary in lessons. There is no mechanism that teachers can use to assess student learning around text-based vocabulary. Some guidance is provided for how vocabulary is structured in the units, how to teach vocabulary, and how to support a range of learners during vocabulary instruction. The Teacher Tools share a brief overview: “Within units, students build their academic vocabulary by learning and interacting with Tier II and Tier III vocabulary words that are essential for unlocking the meaning of the text, task, or topic.” Students interact with vocabulary words through reading, writing, speaking, and listening tasks. Teacher Tools include routines such as Explicit Instruction of Vocabulary and Implicit Instruction of Vocabulary. However, the lessons do not include sufficient guidance or reminders for teachers to ensure the routines support students in their vocabulary development and meet grade-level standards.
Materials provide some teacher guidance outlining a cohesive year-long vocabulary development component. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In each unit and lesson, vocabulary words are introduced before reading texts as necessary to understand the texts or the context surrounding them.
Within the units, vocabulary words are intentionally included in many ways, so students become familiar with them through repetition, such as the words being present in questions, used during discussions, and heard in teacher-provided sentence stems. Some words are revisited from previous lessons, and students are asked to use them to indicate authentic learning of the words. More often, once the lesson where the word is taught is passed, the word is not revisited.
The Teacher Tools include Vocabulary guidance to share the two types of words in the materials: words to teach quickly and drop-in and words to study in-depth. The guidance includes instructions for teachers to “decide if the words are inferrable or not inferrable” and encourage learning vocabulary “indirectly and unconsciously through daily reading, writing, listening, and speaking routines” rather than through explicit instruction.
The Vocabulary Teacher Tool shares the ways that students interact with vocabulary words within a lesson and across the unit, such as “Close reading moments are included within lessons to analyze the use of words in context” or “When applicable, vocabulary words are used in later units in key questions or as part of word banks and sentence frames.”
Materials include Explicit Instruction of Vocabulary guidance, which includes routines to introduce and review priority vocabulary. There is not sufficient guidance or reminders in the lessons to assist teachers.
Vocabulary is sometimes repeated in contexts (before texts, in texts) and across multiple texts. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
Domain-specific vocabulary is taught across multiple units. For example:
Across multiple units, students learn about and analyze different types of irony. One type is verbal irony which is defined as “when a speaker's intended meaning is the opposite of what they literally say,” and the other is dramatic irony, which is defined as “a literary technique where the author provides information to the reader that the characters are not aware of, evoking humor, suspense, or tragedy.”
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, Lesson 6, students read a selection from All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely to examine how the author conveys Rashad’s emotions through the use of verbal irony.
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 15, students read a chapter of Animal Farm by George Orwell to explore dramatic irony, answering this question: “How does Squealer gaslight the animals on pages 66-67 on the subject of beds? Provide evidence from these pages to support your answer, and explain how it is an example of dramatic irony—and the impact it has on the reader.”
Across multiple units, students learn about and analyze themes.
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, Lesson 18, students encounter the academic vocabulary thematic topic when they determine themes in All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brandon Kiely and explain how the themes are developed over the course of the text. Students answer Close Read Questions, such as the following: “What thematic topics do Reynolds and Kiely explore in this text? Try to come up with at least five.”
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 17, students determine themes in the text Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi. Students answer Close Read Questions, such as “What thematic topics does Satrapi explore in this text?” The same definition is available as the one in Unit 1.
Academic vocabulary words found in texts are introduced in units, but not always taught across multiple texts and lessons. For example:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, Lesson 4, students learn the vocabulary word dehumanize as they watch the documentary “A Conversation about Growing Up Black” by The New York Times. Students answer a Close Read Question: “What does Jumoke mean when he says, ‘We’re starting to be dehumanized,’ at minute 2:54?” A definition is available as a reference: “To make someone feel or appear less than human; to deny that someone is fully human and treat them that way.” In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 10, students read Night by Elie Wiesel and revisit the word dehumanize when explaining “how the prisoners in Auschwitz-Birkenau were systematically dehumanized and stripped of their identities.” Students answer a Writing Prompt: “On page 37, Wiesel writes, ‘The child I was had been consumed by the flames. All that was left was a shape that resembled me. My soul had been invaded–and devoured–by a black flame.’ Find one example from today’s reading that demonstrates the impact of systematic dehumanization on Eliezer, explaining how his behavior and perspective have changed since arriving at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Provide quoted evidence and carefully explain your thinking. Close Read Questions include, “Find at least four places on pages 34–42 where the prisoners are dehumanized by the Nazis (and other prisoners in positions of power). Provide specific evidence to support your answer, and explain why this treatment is dehumanizing.” The Discussion Questions include, “Why do you think the Nazis worked so deliberately to strip people of their identities and dehumanize their prisoners?”
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 5, the word propaganda is introduced. The students read three articles, two of which use the word in their title. In the lesson, students study different forms of propaganda and do a project to help inform their classmates about the different forms propaganda can take. In Lesson 8, students create an infographic that shows their research on a specific aspect of propaganda. In Lesson 13, students analyze the impact of different propaganda techniques the pigs use in Animal Farm by George Orwell. The word reappears numerous times throughout the unit.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 9, the word bleak is defined in the Vocabulary section. The word does not show up anywhere else in the lesson. Students may come across the word in their reading of Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi, but that is not explicitly stated or referred to by the teacher materials.
Attention is somewhat paid to vocabulary essential to understanding the text and to high-value academic words (e.g., words that might appear in other contexts/content areas). Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
Materials include a complete Vocabulary Glossary for each grade that notes the Part of Speech and Definition. The teacher can search for vocabulary words in the list, create a comprehensive list of all vocabulary words when “Select a Unit” appears, and create a list for each individual unit by selecting a specific unit. The Tier II and Tier III vocabulary words are broken down into the following categories: text-based, root/affix, and academic. For example, in Unit 1, the text-based vocabulary words are allegiance, ambivalent, amplify, dehumanize, disproportionate, dumbfounded, explicit, implicit, impeccable, naive, perceive, radical, surreal, synonymous, transfixed, and ubiquitous. The academic vocabulary words are author's purpose, colloquial language, connotation, enjambment, epigraph, figurative language, free verse, metaphor, mood, personification, point of view/perspective, structure, thematic topic, theme, and verbal irony. Even though the words are introduced, none of the lessons include explicit instruction on how to teach the vocabulary, and no specific words are identified as more critical than the others. Rarely are the words referenced or explicitly used again in the unit after they are initially taught, so, even though students use the words repeatedly during the lesson in which they are taught, they are not using them over the course of the unit.
Overview of Gateway 2
Building Knowledge with Texts, Vocabulary, and Tasks
The grade 8 materials include core and supplemental texts organized around the topic or theme of “human nature” to promote knowledge building. Materials provide opportunities for students to analyze key ideas and details according to grade-level standards and include coherently sequenced questions and tasks to support students in developing these skills. They also include sequences of text-based questions and tasks that support students’ abilities to integrate knowledge and ideas in individual texts and across multiple texts. The materials provide opportunities for students to improve their analytical skills through questions and tasks that are purposefully sequenced to assist students in deepening their understanding of texts.
Throughout the program, the majority of tasks and assessment questions are aligned with the grade-level standards. However, the materials provided are high-level lesson skeletons that can not be used for instruction to fully meet the grade-level standards. By the end of the school year, most standards are repeatedly addressed by the program.
The grade 6 materials provide the teacher with a clear pacing guide for the school year, and the implementation schedule provided may be reasonably completed in a school year because there are fewer lessons provided than average school days, allowing teachers the freedom to add re-teach lessons or extend others.
Gateway 2
v1.5
Criterion 2.1: Building Knowledge
Materials build knowledge through integrated reading, writing, speaking, listening, and language.
The grade 8 materials include core and supplemental texts organized around the topic or theme of “human nature” to promote knowledge building. Materials provide opportunities for students to analyze key ideas and details according to grade-level standards and include coherently sequenced questions and tasks to support students in developing these skills. They also include sequences of text-based questions and tasks that support students’ abilities to integrate knowledge and ideas in individual texts and across multiple texts. The materials provide opportunities for students to improve their analytical skills through questions and tasks that are purposefully sequenced to assist students in deepening their understanding of texts.
The program includes culminating tasks that allow students to demonstrate knowledge of the unit topics and themes by integrating reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. Though the culminating tasks focus primarily on writing skills, students fulfill the grade level standards across the year. While there is writing practice, there is insufficient explicit writing instruction. In addition, while the materials include research projects to build knowledge, there is neither a clear progression of research skills in the assignments moving from providing more scaffolding to less scaffolding nor an increase in rigor in the research-based assignments. Moreover, the Teacher Tools include some general information about teaching research-based assignments in the classroom but the lesson-specific information about how to teach individual lessons is lacking.
Indicator 2A
Texts are organized around a cohesive topic(s) to build students’ ability to read and comprehend complex texts independently and proficiently.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 meet the criteria for Indicator 2a.
Materials include core and supplemental texts organized around the topic or theme, “Are human beings fundamentally good or evil?” and the relationship between people and power, to build students’ ability to read and comprehend texts independently and proficiently. The Course Summary states: “Through careful study of classic and contemporary texts, students will consider how access to power influences human behavior, and how everyday people respond in the face of unjust leadership, violent oppression, and cruelty. Students will grapple with some of the darkest events of the 20th century, and contemplate their power as young people to create the future they wish to see.” Each unit begins with a clear statement of how that unit’s materials fit within the theme and what students will be learning. The theme is supported by Essential Questions that students explore; the texts explore literary characters’ experiences and real-world stories, articles, and questions that build upon the initial theme. Students critically think about real-world applications of the theme in their own lives. The associated tasks connect to the theme and require students to demonstrate their understanding in various ways. The text sets, including informational texts, build knowledge and students’ content knowledge and ability to read and comprehend complex texts across a school year.
Texts are connected by a grade-appropriate cohesive topic/theme/line of inquiry. Texts build knowledge and the ability to read and comprehend complex texts across a school year. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, texts are organized around the unit theme of Facing Prejudice and the yearlong theme, “Are human beings fundamentally good or evil?” The materials state: “Students explore the American experience through the eyes of two young men—one white and one Black—connected through an incident of police brutality.” This occurs through the reading of the core text, All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely.
The Unit Prep section includes the Essential Questions which refer to the theme: “How do race and racial bias shape a person’s experience and understanding of the world? What responsibility do people have when they witness—or are the victim of—injustice?”
The Enduring Understandings for the unit also help students understand the theme: “Police brutality disproportionately affects Black Americans. Racism is present and pervasive in America today—whether or not people choose to acknowledge it—and has real and deadly implications for the Black community. White Americans have a responsibility to engage with this reality, educate themselves, and stand up for racial justice.”
In Lesson 4, students read the core text, All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely, and view a video, “A Conversation about Growing Up Black” by The New York Times. Students answer Close Read Questions that connect to the Essential Questions in the unit, such as “Summarize how the young Black men in the video feel that the (white) world perceives them; How has race–and racial bias/racism–shaped these young men’s relationship to law enforcement?”
In Lesson 12, students continue their reading of All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely. Students “Explain the ways that characters’ lives are shaped by race and racism in All American Boys.”
In Lesson 21, students draw on evidence from the unit texts to answer Discussion Questions, such as “Do people have a responsibility to stand up when they see injustice occur? Is this true in all circumstances?” The reading and activities connect to the Essential Questions in the unit.
Throughout the unit, students read the core text and nine other texts centered on the theme. The texts directly grow students' knowledge as they work toward the Essential Questions and Enduring Understandings.
In Unit 4, texts are organized around the unit theme of Surviving Repression and the yearlong theme, “Are humans fundamentally good or evil?” Students “explore human nature through the story of a young girl coming of age during the Iranian Revolution, and the challenges she faced during this violent, turbulent time.”
The Unit Prep section includes the Essential Questions which refer to the theme: “What tools do governments use to control and oppress people, and what tools do people use to resist oppression? In what ways is the experience of growing up universal, and in what ways is it shaped by a person’s setting and circumstances?”
The Enduring Understandings for the unit also help students understand the theme: “A country’s government does not necessarily reflect the beliefs and desires of all of its people. The risks of resisting an oppressive government can be severe, and yet some people are willing to lay down their lives in the service of their beliefs. The experiences of growing up during a time of political upheaval are both unique and universal.”
In Lesson 8, students read Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi. Students answer a Writing Prompt that also connects to the Essential Questions of the unit: “What does the incident at the Rex Cinema (pp. 14–15) reveal about Iran in 1980? How does Satrapi use text and images to communicate ideas? Provide specific details both from the text and images to support your answer.” Students build knowledge and understanding that “The shah’s government is oppressive and violent, as demonstrated by the fire at the Rex Cinema.”
In Lesson 14, students read Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi. Students answer Close Read Questions that connect to the Essential Questions of the unit, such as “What are the risks of resisting authority during this time period? Provide at least two examples from today’s reading and explain your thinking.”
In Lesson 20, students draw on evidence from all the unit texts to answer Discussion Questions that connect to the Essential Questions in the unit, such as “What is the relationship between gender and power in Persepolis?”
Throughout the unit, students read the core text and 11 other texts centered on the theme. The texts directly grow students' knowledge as they work toward the Essential Questions and Enduring Understandings.
In Unit 5, texts are organized around the unit theme of Facing Calamity and the yearlong theme, “Are humans fundamentally good or evil?” The materials state, “Students explore human nature by studying the climate crisis and its causes and impact, and the role of government, businesses, and individuals in finding solutions.”
The Unit Prep section includes the Essential Questions which refer to the theme: “Who is responsible for causing the climate crisis and who is responsible for solving it? What is the relationship between the climate crisis and social, economic, and political power? How do scientists and fiction writers imagine the future if we do—and do not—address climate change?”
The Enduring Understandings for the unit also help students understand the theme:
“We are already seeing the impacts of climate change today, and things will only get catastrophically worse if we do not immediately address this crisis.
People with less money and political power are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.
The world’s slow response to climate change can at least partially be linked to the actions of large corporations that have benefited financially from ignoring the crisis.
There is a growing movement of activists and artists who are speaking out about climate change and the dangers we face by not urgently addressing it.”
In Lesson 6, students read an informational article, “As Rising Heat Bakes US Cities, The Poor Often Feel It Most” by Meg Anderson. Students take a position on whether climate change will affect all people equally.
In Lesson 14, students complete a Writing Prompt in which they must answer the following question, which connects to the Essential Questions in the unit and their reading of core text An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power by Al Gore:
“What do people need to know about this approach to fighting climate change in one clear sentence? (Provide a central idea statement.)
What are the most important actions to take if you are using this approach?
Why is this approach important and effective for fighting climate change?
What are potential challenges to this approach, and how might you overcome them?
What is the very first step a person would need to take if they wanted to take action this way?”
In Lesson 16, students draw on their readings to answer Discussion Questions that connect to the Essential Questions of the unit, such as the following: “What is the relationship between climate change, money, and power? What or who is responsible for climate change? Does individual action matter to limiting climate change?”
Throughout the unit, students read the core text and 16 other texts centered on the theme. The texts directly grow students' knowledge as they work toward the Essential Questions and Enduring Understandings.
Indicator 2B
Materials require students to analyze the key ideas, details, craft, and structure within individual texts as well as across multiple texts using coherently sequenced, high quality questions and tasks.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 meet the criteria for Indicator 2b.
Materials provide opportunities for students to analyze key ideas and details according to grade-level standards. Students determine a central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular key ideas and details; provide a summary of the text distinct from personal opinions or judgments; and analyze in detail how a key individual, event, or idea is introduced, illustrated, and elaborated in a text (e.g., through examples or anecdotes). The materials include coherently sequenced questions and tasks to support students in developing these skills. Students analyze craft and structure according to grade-level standards, such as determining the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyzing how a particular sentence, paragraph, chapter, or section fits into the overall structure of a text and contributes to the development of the ideas; and determining an author's point of view or purpose in a text and explain how it is conveyed in the text. These skills are systematically built over the course of the unit through increasingly complex Close Reading Questions, Discussion Questions, and Writing Prompts to complete the Socratic Seminar and Content Assessment.
For most texts, students analyze key ideas and details (according to grade-level standards). Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, students read multiple texts before participating in a Socratic Seminar to determine how characters in the core text, All-American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely, change and what impacted that change. Throughout the unit, students analyze how particular lines of dialogue or incidents in the novel impact the plot or characters.
In Lesson 2, students read pages 1-23 in All-American Boys and answer the Writing Prompt, “What does the reader understand about the incident at Jerry’s because the chapter is told from Rashad’s narrative perspective? Pull out specific evidence from the text and carefully explain your thinking.”
In Lesson 8, students read pages 123-162 in All-American Boys and answer the Writing Prompt, “How has witnessing Rashad's assault impacted Quinn’s perspective on race? What specific incidents and lines of text reveal his perspective at this point in the text? Provide evidence from pages 136–140.”
In Lesson 16, students read pages 269-296 in All-American Boys and consider a variety of events in the novel in the Close Read Questions: “Do the people writing about Rashad on the internet really ‘see’ him? Support your position with evidence from pages 277–278. What motivates Quinn to call the police and provide a statement? Support your answer with evidence from pages 285-286.”
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, students read The Diary of Anne Frank by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hacket and Night by Elie Wiesel over multiple lessons and analyze specific details.
In Lesson 2, students answer a Writing Prompt about what Anne is like, providing text evidence that supports those character traits.
Lesson 3, students “Identify specific incidents and lines of text that reveal aspects of character dynamics in The Diary of Anne Frank.” Students practice analyzing how particular lines of dialogue or incidents in a story or drama propel the action, reveal aspects of a character, or provoke a decision. Students discuss the following Close Read Questions:
“What does the incident with Peter’s shoes reveal about Anne? What does it reveal about Peter? What does it reveal about their relationship? Provide evidence from pages 18–19 to support your answer.
What does Miep’s request to have Mr. Dussel move into the Annex reveal about Mr. Van Daan? Select one additional character living in the Annex and explain what we learn about them as a result of this incident. Provide evidence from pages 25-26 to support your answer.”
In Lesson 7, students read Night and “Explain how events in Night reveal aspects of characters and suggest larger truths about human nature.” The tasks support students with analyzing how the text makes connections among and distinctions between individuals, ideas, or events. Students complete the Writing Prompt: “What does the community’s reaction to Moishe the Beadle’s warning, the news about the invasion of Hungary and the arrival of German soldiers, reveal about them—and about human nature more generally? Provide at least three pieces of evidence from pages 3–11 to support your answer.” Students have other opportunities to work with both of the core texts later in the unit.
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, students read multiple texts to participate in a Socratic Seminar using their understanding of the central ideas to answer a series of questions. Throughout the unit, students analyze the central ideas in different texts about climate change.
In Lesson 7, students read the story, “Notes from a Bottle” by James Stevenson and answer the Writing Prompt: “Although the author of this story does not explicitly mention climate change, how can the theme he develops in this story apply to the current climate crisis? Carefully explain your reasoning and what we can learn from this story today.”
In Lesson 12, students determine the central idea of two articles, “Exxon Knew About Climate Change Almost 40 Years Ago” by Shannon Hall and “Fishermen Sue Big Oil for Its Role in Climate Change” by Alastair Bland, in both the Close Read Questions and the Writing Prompt. One Close Read Question states: “In two to three sentences, summarize Exxon’s history conducting climate change research in the 1970s and 80s, based on information from paragraphs 1 through 4 in the article ‘Exxon Knew About Climate Change Almost 40 Years Ago’.” The Writing Prompt states: “Summarize the first two sections of the article ‘Fishermen Sue Big Oil for Its Role in Climate Change (Introduction and A Recent History of Heatwaves)’ in three to five sentences and include the central idea of this section of text as the first sentence of your summary.”
In Lesson 14, students read a section of An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power by Al Gore, and prior to the Socratic Seminar, the Close Read Question asks: “What is Gore’s central message about political activism (pp. 177–183)? Provide two pieces of evidence that strongly support your answer.” All of these activities and questions lead the student through an analysis of various central ideas that they can then use to support their thinking in the Socratic Seminar.
For most texts, students analyze craft and structure (according to grade-level standards). Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, Lesson 19, students read “The ‘Say Her Name’ Movement Started for a Reason: We Forget Black Women Killed by Police” by Precious Fondren and answer Close Read Questions. The questions assist students with determining the author's point of view or purpose and analyzing how the author acknowledges and responds to conflicting evidence or viewpoints:
“1) What is Fondren trying to persuade her reader of? Provide specific evidence from the text to support your answer.
2) What is Fondren trying to inform her reader about? Provide specific evidence from the text to support your answer.”
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, students write a literary analysis essay about how rhetorical appeals and propaganda are used in Animal Farm by George Orwell. In order to support students in completing the essay, students focus on how language and the use of language interact with other elements in the text throughout the unit.
In Lesson 11, during the first lesson for the novel, students answer Close Read Questions that focus on the language used to describe the farm:
“How does Old Major describe the lives of farm animals in England? What specific words and phrases does Orwell use to clearly develop Old Major’s perspective? Select at least three examples from pages 6–9 to support your answer.
What is Old Major’s perspective of human beings, and what is his tone when describing them? What specific words and phrases does Orwell use to develop Major’s perspective and tones? Select at least three examples from chapter one to support your answer.
What specific words and phrases does Orwell use in the song ‘Beasts of England’ to develop the tone of this song? Select at least three examples from pages 12–13 and explain how they develop the tone.”
In Lesson 13, students answer the Writing Prompt: “How does Squealer use the propaganda techniques of fear and transfer in his speech on pages 35–36? Provide at least two pieces of quoted textual evidence and explain how it demonstrates this technique. Use the word ‘manipulate’ in your answer.”
In Lesson 15, students answer Close Read Questions that focus on the use of different forms of propaganda, the answers to which must also focus on language and the use of language.
“How does Squealer gaslight the animals on page 64? Provide evidence that demonstrates this technique from pages 63–64, and explain how this is also an example of dramatic irony—and the impact it has on the reader.
How does Napoleon use the propaganda technique of scapegoating on pages 69-71? Provide two pieces of quoted evidence from these pages and carefully explain your thinking.”
These lessons build students’ understanding of how language is integral to the different forms of propaganda and rhetorical appeals in order to complete the essay.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Students practice standard RI.8.5 (analyze in detail the structure of a specific paragraph in a text, including the role of particular sentences in developing and refining a key concept) in multiple lessons. The Grade 8 Course Overview identifies RI.8.5 as one of “two key standards that students will have multiple opportunities to practice and apply to text.”
In Lesson 9, students read pages 18–32 of Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi and “Explain how specific incidents impact and reveal aspects of characters and setting, and describe how Satrapi communicates this through text and images.” Students answer a Writing Prompt: “Which specific incidents, lines of text, and panels reveal that Marji is very young and has more to learn about how the world works? Provide at least two examples from today’s reading, referencing both text and images to support your answer.”
In Lesson 11, students answer Close Read Questions connecting to pages 47-71 of the same text:
“How does hearing about the torture of political prisoners impact Marji (pp. 50–53)? Provide at least two ways that she is impacted by the vivid descriptions of torture, using evidence from text and images to support your answer.
How does Marji respond to the knowledge that her father is not ‘a hero’? What does this reveal about her character? Support your answer with evidence from text and images on pages 52–54.
How does listening to Uncle Anoosh’s stories impact Marji? What does her reaction reveal about her character? Provide at least two ways that she is impacted by his stories, using text and images from pages 54–61 to support your answer.”
Indicator 2C
Materials require students to analyze the integration of knowledge within individual texts as well as across multiple texts using coherently sequenced, high quality text-specific and/or text-dependent questions and tasks.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 meet the criteria for Indicator 2c.
Materials include sequences of text-based questions and tasks that support students’ abilities to integrate knowledge and ideas in individual texts and across multiple texts. Materials provide opportunities for students to improve their analysis skills through questions and tasks that are purposefully sequenced to assist students in deepening their understanding of texts. The questions help students in the successful completion of the culminating tasks, such as Socratic Seminars.
Throughout the units, students analyze a series of big ideas using the knowledge they have built throughout the unit. These big ideas are evaluated in one, and sometimes both, of the culminating tasks at the end of the unit. In all units, students read a variety of texts that center around the theme and central idea of the unit. They use the different texts to convey their understanding in the culminating tasks.
Most sets of questions and tasks support students’ analysis of knowledge and ideas. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lessons 21–23, students identify places where the film version of Animal Farm by George Orwell differs from the original text and evaluate the choices the director made. Students examine two different texts as they analyze the extent to which a filmed or live production of a story or drama stays faithful to or departs from the text or script and evaluate the choices made by the director or actors. Students answer Close Read Questions:
“Where did the filmmakers condense the timeline of events in the first several chapters of Animal Farm? What is the impact of this choice?
Where do the filmmakers choose to elaborate/spend more time on events than Orwell did in the first several chapters of Animal Farm? What is the impact of this choice?
Students answer a writing prompt: “Contrast the ways that Napoleon is depicted early in the novel and early in the film. Provide evidence from both the text and film to support your answer. Evaluate the director’s choices.”
The next two lessons provide additional opportunities to answer a series of text-dependent questions to deepen students’ understanding of the texts and grow their skills. The questions in Lesson 22 include but are not limited to the following:
“What decision has the filmmaker made about the use of dialogue in the film? Is this choice faithful to the original text, or a departure? Provide examples to support your answer.
Where in the film has the filmmaker condensed the timeline of events from the text, or omitted events altogether? What is the impact of this change?”
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 2, students identify key ideas the author, Al Gore, uses to support his claim about climate change and assess whether the evidence he provides is relevant and sufficient in the core text, An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power. Close Read Questions assist in deepening students’ understanding of the text:
“What is Gore’s central argument about climate change on pages 10–18?
What argument is Gore making about the impact of climate change on the oceans on page 14? Identify the evidence that he provides to support this claim and explain whether this evidence is relevant and sufficient to support his claim.
What argument is Gore making about the impact of climate change on forests on pages 15–17? Identify the evidence that he provides to support this claim and explain whether this evidence is relevant and sufficient to support his claim.”
Students then complete the writing prompt: “What argument does Gore make about the impact of climate change on human health? Identify the evidence that he provides to support this claim and explain whether this evidence is relevant and sufficient to support his claim.” In Lessons 3 and 6, students practice the same skills: delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assess whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient, and recognize when irrelevant evidence is introduced.
Sets of questions and tasks provide opportunities to analyze across multiple texts as well as within single texts. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, students read the core text, Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood by Marjane Satrapi, along with other texts, including the article, “The Stolen Revolution: Iranian Women of 1979” (author not cited).
In Lesson 12, students answer questions about the novel and the article through both the Close Read Questions and the writing prompt, using evidence from both texts to support their answers. One question reads: “How did the new fundamentalist government impact the lives of women in Iran? Provide at least two examples and use evidence from both texts to support your answer.”
In Lessons 18 and 19, students learn about the hijab and different perspectives on wearing it through the article “Why do Muslim women wear a hijab?” by Caitlin Killian and a video, “Majede Najar: Why I wear a hijab” by TEDTalentSearch. The writing prompt asks, “In which paragraph does Goodarzi respond directly to viewpoints that conflict with her own? Identify the specific paragraph, note the conflicting viewpoints she acknowledges, and explain how she responds to them.”
In Lesson 20, students participate in a Socratic Seminar connected to all of the texts in the unit. Questions include, “What does Persepolis—and the nonfiction articles we read about wearing a hijab—communicate about the importance of having choices?; How do people maintain their humanity during times of war?; How does having power change people?; and What is the relationship between gender and power in Persepolis?” In order to do this, students have been provided with opportunities to discuss these ideas throughout the unit.
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 7, students analyze how a modern work of fiction draws on themes, patterns of events, or character types from traditional stories and the Bible, including describing how the material is rendered new. Students complete Close Read Questions connecting to “Notes from a Bottle” by James Stevenson:
“Locate Stevenson’s allusion to the biblical story of Noah and the flood. How does this allusion develop meaning in the story? How does your knowledge of the causes and outcome of Noah’s story impact your understanding of ‘Notes from a Bottle’?
How does Stevenson initially describe the attitude of the residents toward the flood? How does their attitude change as the story progresses? Provide specific evidence from the text to support your answer.
At the end of the story, Alice MacNeil tries to get everyone to sing ‘Nearer My God to Me,’—a song that the passengers aboard the Titanic sang as the boat was sinking. How does this allusion to the Titanic develop meaning in the story?”
In Lesson 7, students analyze a case in which two or more texts provide conflicting information on the same topic. Students read two articles, “What the new report on climate change expects from you” by Eliza Mackintosh and “Focusing on how individuals can stop climate change is very convenient for corporations” by Morten Fibieger Byskov, and identify where the texts disagree and agree.
Indicator 2D
Culminating tasks require students to demonstrate their knowledge of a unit's topic(s) through integrated literacy skills (e.g., a combination of reading, writing, speaking, listening).
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 meet the criteria for Indicator 2d.
Materials include culminating tasks that allow students to demonstrate knowledge of the unit topics and themes by integrating reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. Though the culminating tasks focus primarily on writing skills, students fulfill the grade level standards across the year. One type of culminating task is a Content Assessment that “pushes students to synthesize unit content knowledge or unit essential questions orally or in writing” and “should be used as the primary assessment because it shows mastery of unit content knowledge and standards.” Content Assessments are found at the end of each unit and include two to four sections that include vocabulary, grammar, and content knowledge questions, multiple choice and/or short answer questions connected to excerpts from multiple texts, and an essay connected to texts. In addition to the Content Assessment, culminating tasks within each unit include Socratic Seminars, essays, and presentations. The culminating tasks connect in a meaningful way to the unit themes and essential questions. The questions and tasks in each lesson that are connected to texts and research opportunities scaffold students towards the successful completion of the culminating task. For example, Writing Prompts, Close Read Questions, and Discussion Questions provide opportunities for students to explore the topic and themes to demonstrate their understanding. The culminating tasks offer some variety for students since Teacher Tools offer different types of academic discourse, and the questions vary according to the unit texts and themes. The guidance is general in the Teacher Tools that connects across Grades 6–8.
Culminating tasks are evident and varied across the year and they are multifaceted, requiring students to demonstrate mastery of several different standards (reading, writing, speaking, listening) at the appropriate grade level, and comprehension and knowledge of a topic or topics through integrated skills (reading, writing, speaking, listening). Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 13 students read and analyze pieces of Night by Elie Wiesel and write an analytical paragraph connecting Wiesel’s feelings in the text to his beliefs about God and religion in the Writing Prompt: “At the beginning of Night, Eliezer says, ‘Why did I pray? Strange question. Why did I live? Why did I breathe?’ (p. 4). God and religion fundamentally define his sense of himself. After his brutal experience in the camps, Eliezer’s perspective drastically changes. How does Eliezer feel about God and religion? Write an analytical paragraph that answers this question. Include a topic sentence, evidence from the text, analysis, and a conclusion in your argument.” In Lessons 20–23, students complete a culminating task to research a current group of people at risk for genocide. In the writing portion of the culminating task, students work in groups to create a presentation: “In Elie Wiesel’s speech ‘The Perils of Indifference,’ he warns that ‘to be indifferent to that suffering is what makes the human being inhuman. Indifference, after all, is more dangerous than anger and hatred.’ In this project, you will learn about the pyramid of hate and stages of genocide before researching and presenting on a community where people continue to suffer violent persecution today. By sharing this information with your classmates, you can help put an end to indifference.” After collecting information, students create a digital presentation and, in Lesson 23, present it to their classmates. In Lesson 24, students complete the Content Assessment. In Section 1, students answer nine multiple choice and short answer vocabulary questions. In Section 2, they complete a cold read of three texts, an excerpt from Farewell to Manzanar by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston and James D. Houston, an excerpt from “Remarks at the Dedication of Yad Vashem Holocaust History Museum” by Elie Wiesel, and the article “Right-Wing Hate Groups are Recruiting Video Gamers” by Anya Kamanetz, and answer multiple choice questions. In Section 3, students read two articles, both adapted by Fishtank Learning Staff, “Right-Wing Hate Groups Are Recruiting Video Gamers” by Anya Kamenetz and “Neo-Nazi Terror Groups Are Using iFunny to Recruit” by Mack Lamoureux and Zachary Kamel. Students write an essay to the following prompt: “Explain how the internet and online propaganda has made white supremacy appeal to young white people. Write an informational essay where you explain how online activity is racializing a new generation of young extremists and white supremacists.” A number of Reading: Informational Text and Language standards are assessed within the multiple choice questions. Students also focus on mastering several Writing standards.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 20, students complete a Socratic Seminar as one culminating task. Teachers determine what type of discourse they will use and present questions to discuss: “What does Persepolis—and the nonfiction articles we read about wearing a hijab—communicate about the importance of having choices? What is the relationship between gender and power in Persepolis?” In Lesson 23, students complete the Content Assessment. In Part One, students complete multiple choice and short answer vocabulary and grammar questions. In Part Two, students cold read five texts, an excerpt from Persepolis II: Story of a Return” by Marjane Satrapi, an excerpt from Maus: A Survivor’s Tale by Art Spiegelman, “Meet the Iranian youth exporting Persian culture to the world” by Mersiha Gadzo, “Why I Wrote Persepolis” by Marjane Satrapi, and “Rereading Persepolis in 2020: What I’ve Learned” by Giovanna Centeno, answer multiple choice and short answer questions, and write an essay “in which you explain the impact of graphic novel Persepolis, providing at least three different examples and supporting them with sufficient textual evidence.” Lessons 20 and 23 focus on mastery of specific Speaking & Listening and Writing standards.
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 14, students read an excerpt of An Inconvenient Sequel by Al Gore and find the central idea of the text. Then, students create a short television commercial convincing other members of their class to take action regarding climate change. In Lesson 16, students participate in a Socratic Seminar as one culminating task. The questions they discuss include; “(From An Inconvenient Sequel) Must we change?”; “(From An Inconvenient Sequel) Can we change?”; “(From An Inconvenient Sequel) Will we change?”; “What or who is responsible for climate change?”; “What is the role of young people within the climate movement?”; “What is the relationship between climate change, money, and power?”; “What is the role of literature within the climate movement?”; “Does individual action matter to limiting climate change?” In Lessons 17–19, students research the two senators and a representative in Congress from their home state to learn about their stance on climate change. They write a letter “educating them on climate change and urging them to take action.” Throughout the task, students practice both writing and language skills from the standards. In Lesson 20, students complete the Content Assessment. In Part One, students complete multiple choice and short answer questions on vocabulary and grammar. In Part Two, students read three texts, “Veganism is ‘single biggest way’ to reduce our environmental impact on planet, study finds: Avoiding meat and dairy could reduce your carbon footprint from food by nearly three quarters” by Olivia Petter, “Don’t let vegetarian environmentalists shame you for eating meat. Science is on your side” by Bjorn Lomborg, and “This World” by Mary Oliver, answer multiple choice questions, and write an essay. In the essay, students write a letter to the school board where they express their opinion on the prompt: “Imagine that your local school board is looking for ways to ‘go green’ and reduce the impact schools have on the environment…they are considering serving vegan lunches in school cafeterias three days a week.” They use evidence from two articles, working to again master supporting claims with logical reasoning and evidence.
Indicator 2E
Materials include a cohesive, year-long plan for students to achieve grade-level writing proficiency by the end of the school year.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 partially meet the criteria for Indicator 2e.
Materials include frequent writing opportunities and address different types of writing to support students’ writing development; however, materials miss opportunities for explicit writing instruction and lesson guidance. Students practice writing in every lesson, and student directions for tasks encourage them to use tools, such as graphic organizers, checklists, and rubrics to help them brainstorm, organize, and edit their writing. Materials include different types of writing tasks that are embedded in the curriculum, connecting to the topics and texts students are studying. Writing opportunities include short written responses, research projects, presentations, and longer writing tasks. Many lessons include the practice of essential writing skills to meet grade-level standards; however, explicit connections to the standards and guidance to assist students in their learning and completion of the writing tasks are lacking. Student writing lessons at the beginning of the year provide appropriate scaffolds and structure in the design of the lesson prompt and correlating materials. While opportunities for growing students’ writing skills are present in the materials through more challenging writing tasks and scaffolding across the year, teacher guidance is minimal.
Though students practice writing consistently and have supports such as mentor texts and sample answers throughout the units, very little teacher support occurs in the lessons. The guidance available for teachers is general rather than lesson-specific, so teachers must provide their own tools for the majority of the lessons. The general guidance appears in the Teacher Tools, such as Instructional Strategies for Writing Lesson (6–8), which is a separate resource. Teachers do not have access to all the additional Teacher Tools for Progress Monitoring and Assessment in the free version. Each lesson does not explain how to teach the different parts. For example, each lesson starts with a writing prompt, so it appears that that should be done first in the lesson; however, the writing prompt is meant to be the last activity of each lesson with discussion questions and close reading that build to the writing prompt.
Materials include some writing instruction that aligns to the standards for the grade level and supports students’ growth in writing skills over the course of the school year. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
All units and lessons include opportunities for students to write in some form. Throughout each unit, each lesson plan begins with a writing prompt, though the prompt is intended to be answered by students at the end of the lesson. An educator could make the connection that the Close Reading and Discussion questions will assist students in successfully answering the prompt, but the order of the lesson is not explicitly stated. The answers expected for each prompt vary in length, with all questions relating to the lesson texts. A smaller project, such as analytical paragraphs or research presentations, incorporates writing within the first third of each unit. At the end of each unit, students complete a full process writing assignment that spans multiple lessons. Students learn about the mode of writing being used and collect evidence, brainstorm, write a draft, edit, and publish their final papers. Although materials frequently include sample answers and mentor texts, as well as specific ways for teachers to address gaps in learning and rubrics to assist in grading and self-assessing, materials include limited explicit instruction and lesson guidance.
In Unit 2, there are five lessons on informative writing, one of which focuses on a piece of literature while the others help students prepare an informative digital presentation. First, students write an analytical piece about Night by Elie Wiesel to answer: “How does Eliezer feel about God and religion?” Later, students prepare a digital presentation about a group that suffers persecution today. Materials include limited explicit instruction and lesson guidance, aside from a writing prompt and sample response.
In Unit 3, there is one lesson on argumentative writing, during which students can practice taking a position on a topic. Students can write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence when they write a paragraph that “determines the mood of the performance” they view and analyze. The directions ask students to “Include a topic sentence, evidence from text, analysis, and conclusion in your argument.” Materials include limited explicit instruction and lesson guidance, aside from a writing prompt and sample response.
In Unit 4, materials provide students with additional opportunities to engage in argumentative writing. Over the course of four lessons, students write a longer four-paragraph essay relating to their reading of The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton.
In Unit 4, there are two lessons on narrative writing. Students identify elements of narratives, add compelling dialogue, and write a strong conclusion. Materials include limited explicit instruction and lesson guidance, aside from a writing prompt and sample response.
Instructional materials include models, but lack well-designed guidance, protocols, and support for teachers to implement and monitor students’ writing development. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In the Teacher Tools, the Target Task Writing Support (6–12) includes various instructional strategies to support students during the prewriting, drafting, and post-writing stages. In the prewriting stage, teacher guidance includes breaking down the prompt, providing sentence stems, and encouraging rereading. During writing time, teacher guidance includes giving batch feedback, chunking independent time, and holding teacher conferences. The after-writing guidance includes having students reflect on their writing, using a rubric, and using a Show Call and Discourse routine. Also, in the Approach to Language and Grammar Instruction section, teachers can download an Editing Checklist (6–8.)
In the Teacher Tools, materials provide teachers with five sections to use during instruction: Preparing for A Writing Lesson, Writing Structures and Frameworks, Instructional Strategies for Writing Lessons (6-8), Giving Writing Feedback, and Target Task Writing Support (6-12). These sections provide various guidance to support writing instruction, such as rubrics, sample feedback, and structures for using mentor texts.
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, Lesson 7, students respond to a writing prompt question based on a text excerpt from All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely. Directions for the prompt require students to annotate the text and use their annotations to support answering, but the materials do not include a protocol for, or guidance on, how teachers should teach students how to annotate text or use their annotations to support their responses.
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 21, on Day 2 of the assigned research group presentation about a group of people under genocide alert, the lesson Objective states: “Compile and evaluate research information into a digital presentation;” however, the lesson does not include any other task directions other than the Homework: “Finish reading research at home.” Materials do not include further guidance about or provide a structure for, which Instructional Strategies for Writing Lessons (6–8) to use.
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 8, students conduct a short research project in order to create an infographic on a specific aspect of propaganda. The lesson includes limited student instructions for the task: “In a small group, research aspects of propaganda and create an infographic to present findings.” Materials provide a sample response as support.
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 9, students begin drafting a short story that answers the question of what life might look like if we never addressed climate change. Students take data gathered from sources and translate the effects into a cli-fi story. Materials do not include graphic organizers or processes for teachers to utilize in support of students.
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 18, students write a letter to Congress, “educating them on climate change and urging them to take action.” The lesson includes a list of requirements for students. Materials provide a sample response as support, including a Works Cited sample.
Indicator 2F
Materials include a progression of focused research projects to encourage students to develop knowledge in a given area by confronting and analyzing different aspects of a topic using multiple texts and source materials.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 partially meet the criteria for Indicator 2f.
Materials include research projects to build knowledge; however, there is neither a clear progression of research skills in the assignments moving from providing more scaffolding to less scaffolding, nor an increase in rigor in the research-based assignments. While the Teacher Tools include some general information about teaching research-based assignments in the classroom, the lesson-specific information about how to teach individual lessons is lacking. Research projects are present in some units, but there is no explicit instruction around the research writing standards. Research projects follow a topic closely related to the overall unit theme but do not draw on texts in each unit in conjunction with outside sources. Throughout the year, students are guided in doing research that builds on the foundations provided in Grades 6 and 7. They are provided with opportunities to gather information from print and digital sources. The Teacher Tools, Instructional Strategies for Writing Lessons (6–8) explains the different structures and routines included in the writing lessons; one structure includes Researching/Gathering Evidence.
Research projects are not sequenced across a school year to include a progression of research skills according to grade-level standards. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source, and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
The Teacher Tools include a general suggestion in the Instructional Strategies for Writing Lessons (6–8) for students to cite research, sharing Citation Machine as a possible online citation builder. There are also suggestions for presenting examples and non-examples of credible sources to students. Materials address this standard, “Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation,” as a supporting standard in Unit 1, and as a core standard in Units 2, 3, 4, and 5.
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 20–21, students choose a community currently undergoing a genocide and research that group to create a digital presentation. As a part of this presentation, students need to include “accurate facts, statistics, and quotations” and “at least four photographs and a map or graph/chart.” While students are told they should “compile and evaluate research information,” sources are not provided, and no instructions are given on how or where they conduct research. While citation information is not specifically included, the sample response has a list of sources. There are no instructions for assessing the credibility of sources.
In Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, Lesson 17, materials address “Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation” as a core standard. Students “collect information on their representatives’ voting record on climate change” and write a letter to their representatives educating them on climate change and urging them to take action. The instructions state to “Include at least two facts or statistics on climate change, appropriately cited.” A Sample Response is available, including examples of in-text citations and an example of a Works Cited. There are no further explicit instructions in the lesson to ensure students assess the credibility of the sources or how to quote and paraphrase.
Materials sometimes support teachers in employing projects that develop students’ knowledge of different aspects of a topic via provided resources. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Teacher Tools, general guidance relating to Research/Gathering Evidence is provided: “There are many ways to approach research tasks depending on the main objective of the writing project. If the focus is on selecting, analyzing, and disseminating information, it can be helpful to provide students with the research to use. This process can be scaffolded, depending on student need and development, from using all instructor-selected research, to using provided research as a starting point, or to guiding students in the practice of finding their own research.” Other suggestions include annotating, using a graphic organizer to keep track of information, offering a mini-lesson on paraphrasing, supporting students in learning how to collaborate, evaluate sources, and cite research. The lessons lack sufficient explicit instruction of research skills to ensure student mastery of grade-level standards.
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 9, students research a form of propaganda and create an infographic. This topic directly relates to propaganda used in the core texts of the unit.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 2, students begin a research project to create a presentation based on a piece of Iranian history. Each possible topic is linked to another lesson in the unit in order to provide context and further knowledge.
Materials provide some opportunities for students to synthesize and analyze content tied to the texts under study as a part of the research process.
Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 8, a short research project is a core standard, and students create an infographic on a specific aspect of propaganda. The Writing Prompt states: “In a small group, research aspects of propaganda and create an infographic to present findings.” A Sample Response is provided. There is no additional guidance in the lesson or explicit instruction around generating additional related, focused questions. Materials include “Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration” as a core standard in Units 2, 4, and 5.
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Lesson 2, students begin a research project to research different pieces of Iranian history. They will present their research projects to the class. Students generate their own questions about their topic in order to guide their research. As a part of this presentation, students need to include “accurate facts, statistics, and quotations,” “response or quotation from a witness and/or experts,” and “at least four images (photographs, maps, or graphs/charts) or video clips.” There are no specific guidelines or instructional practices included.
Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Unit 1, Facing Prejudice: All American Boys, Lesson 11, the skill is a supporting standard as students explain how events in All American Boys by Jason Reynolds and Brendan Kiely “reveal and challenge characters’ racial biases.” The Writing Prompt requires text evidence from the reading, and a Sample Response is provided. Drawing evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research is listed as a supporting standard in all the other units in Grade 8.
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 14, students read part of Night by Elie Wiesel and answer a Writing Prompt to explain the different reactions to the news of the Red Army and what this shows about each person. Students use text evidence to support their claims.
Criterion 2.2: Coherence
Materials promote mastery of grade-level standards by the end of the year.
he grade 8 materials include tasks and assessment questions that are aligned to grade-level standards. However, the materials provided are high-level lesson skeletons that can not be used for instruction to fully meet the grade-level standards. By the end of the school year, most standards are repeatedly addressed by the program.
Materials include multiple planning tools, including the Pacing Guide for 8th Grade English to plan for the whole school year. The implementation schedule provided in the materials may be reasonably completed in a school year because there are fewer lessons provided than average school days, allowing teachers the freedom to add re-teach lessons or extend others.
Indicator 2G
Materials spend the majority of instructional time on content that falls within grade-level aligned instruction, practice, and assessments.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 partially meet the criteria for Indicator 2g.
Most tasks, and assessment questions are aligned to grade-level standards, however only some instruction is aligned with the grade level standards given that the materials provided are high-level lesson skeletons that can not be used to fully meet the grade-level standards. Materials outline how the year-long instructional plan aligns with grade-level Core Standards and Spiral Standards as indicated in the Standards Map and in each Unit Overview. At times, standards addressed in lessons are not listed on the Lesson Map; there are also instances where standards are included at the bottom of a lesson, but there is no explicit instruction or connections to the standards present in the lesson. Instructional sequence is relatively consistent as students read core and supplemental texts connecting to a common topic or theme, answer Close Read Questions and Discussion Questions, and complete a Writing Prompt connecting to the assigned reading. Lessons do not consistently include opportunities for the teacher to provide students with standards-aligned explicit instruction. The questions and tasks connect to the required grade-level standards, including Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening, and Language Standards, and they require students to include evidence from texts they are reading as they work on skills such as inferencing or analyzing certain aspects of texts. Opportunities to address language standards are present, though instructional support is lacking. Materials provide an answer key for each Content Assessment, which lists the standards addressed by each assessment item. While the Standards Map and lesson plans reflect the standards covered, there are instances in which standards are not revisited across units.
Over the course of each unit, some instruction is aligned to grade-level standards. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
The Course Summary includes a detailed description of what will be studied, including a rationale for the anchor texts, the enduring understanding focused on throughout the year and a Standards Map that outlines which standards are addressed in each unit. Although the Standards Map reflects that all grade-level standards are covered at some point in the year, explicit instruction of the listed standards does not always occur during lessons. For example:
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 17, the lesson objective is as follows: “Explain how the pigs have betrayed the original principles of Animal Farm, and how their betrayal and manipulation of the other animals creates dramatic irony.” This objective aligns to RL.8.3, one of the core standards listed for the lesson. Prior to reading Chapter 8 of Animal Farm by George Orwell, the teacher explains, “Orwell represents the relationship between Stalin and Adolph Hitler through the characters of Napoleon and Frederick” and reminds students that “Orwell compresses huge historical events and time periods into single scenes or events.” The teacher reads the paragraph on page 11 before students independently write in response to the following the Target Task prompt: “Reread the top paragraph of page 11, where Old Major explains the principles that he believes the animals must adhere to if they wish to create a successful and just society. How have the pigs betrayed these principals? What are the consequences of their betrayal? Provide at least three examples from Chapter 8 to support your answer.” The teacher does not model how to analyze how incidents from the story “propel the action, reveal aspects of a character, or provoke a decision.”
Over the course of each unit, the majority of questions and tasks are aligned to grade-level standards. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In each unit, different types of tasks align to standards. Close Read Questions require students to analyze complex text and respond to standards-aligned, text-based questions. Discussion Questions connect to the texts. Many questions and tasks, including the Writing Prompts, require students to use text-based evidence, which requires inferencing. For example:
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 17, students read the preface to Night by Elie Wiesel. While reading the preface, students respond to the following Close Read questions: “What possible reasons for writing Night does Wiesel reference on page vii–viii? Summarize each in your own words. On page viii, Wiesel writes that he is ‘a witness who believes he has a moral obligation to try to prevent the enemy from enjoying one last victory by allowing his crimes to be erased from human memory.’ Explain what this sentence means, and what it reveals about Wiesel’s purpose in writing this book. What problem did Wiesel face as he began writing this book? Provide evidence from page ix to explain your answer. What fear does Wiesel have about his message? Why does he write, in spite of this fear? Provide evidence from pages ix–x to support your answer.” After reading the preface, students write in response to the following Target Task prompt: “What was Wiesel’s purpose when he wrote Night? What does he hope that his book will achieve? Provide two pieces of evidence from pages vii–x, and xv to support your answer.” Then, students participate in a class discussion of their responses to the following Discussion Question: “Why is it so important for Holocaust victims to share their stories? What impact does hearing these stories have on us as readers?” At the close of the lesson, students respond to the following Exit Ticket question: “Wiesel believes that he has a responsibility—a ‘moral obligation’—to share his story with the world. Do you think that we, the readers, have a responsibility to act now that we have read this text?” These questions and tasks align to the core standard listed for the lesson, RI.8.6: “Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how the author acknowledges and responds to conflicting evidence or viewpoints.”
Over the course of each unit, some assessment questions are aligned to grade-level standards. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In each unit, materials provide an Assessment Answer Key for the end-of-unit Content Assessment. The Assessment Answer Key labels each question with the corresponding standard. For example:
In Unit 4, Surviving Repression: Persepolis, Content Assessment Answer Key, during Question 10 in Part One: Vocabulary, Grammar, and Content Knowledge, students respond to the following prompt: “In 2–3 sentences, explain why Marji’s parents ultimately decided to send her away to school in Europe. Use the words bleak and repressive in your answer.” The answer key lists L.8.6 and L.8.1 as the corresponding standards. Materials also include a Criteria for Success rubric to evaluate students’ responses. Criteria include the following:
“Demonstrates understanding of the word ‘bleak’
Demonstrates understanding of the word ‘repressive’
Identifies that Marji’s parents did this in Marji’s best interest, as the current regime would not allow her the freedom she needed to succeed
Spelling and grammar is generally correct and does not impede the reader’s comprehension
This assessment item requires students to accurately use grade-appropriate vocabulary (L.8.6) and to demonstrate command of conventions in their written response (L.8.1).
By the end of the academic year, most standards are repeatedly addressed within and across units to ensure students master the full intent of the standard. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
The Standards Map notes that each unit is designed to deepen “student mastery of a set of grade-level standards. These are split into core standards (standards especially important for understanding the core text and knowledge of the unit) and spiral standards (standards that students repeatedly use as they engage with, discuss, or write about a text).” However, there are instances in which standards are addressed one time across the school year. For example:
The following standards do not repeat across units in the Standards Map for 8th Grade English and in the list of standards for each unit:
In Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, RL.8.7 is listed as a core standard. Materials address this standard in Lessons 21–23, but materials do not provide opportunities to address this standard in other units.
Indicator 2H
Materials regularly and systematically balance time and resources required for following the suggested implementation, as well as information for alternative implementations that maintain alignment and intent of the standards.
The materials reviewed for Grade 8 meet the criteria for Indicator 2h.
Materials include multiple planning tools, including the Pacing Guide for 8th Grade English to plan for the whole school year. Each unit contains a separate implementation schedule and each lesson includes a pacing guide. The Standards Map shows how the Common Core State Standards are taught over the course of the year. The pacing guide allows teachers to add days to the units to cover the material appropriately for their students; however, no alternative schedules are provided. Additional guidance for planning is included in the Teacher Support tools, such as Preparing to Teach Fishtank ELA, Preparing to Teach an ELA Unit, Components of an ELA Lesson, and Planning for a Year of Fishtank ELA. The implementation schedule may be reasonably completed in a school year because there are fewer lessons provided than average school days giving teachers the freedom to add re-teach lessons or extend others. Materials do not include optional tasks, only core materials and activities. The core materials provide opportunities to practice and reach mastery of most grade level standards, though grammar standards would need additional guidance.
Suggested implementation schedules and alternative implementation schedules align to core learning and objectives. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In Teacher Support, ELA Teacher Tools, Planning for a Year of Fishtank ELA, materials provide an implementation schedule with suggestions for teachers to address re-teaching and fit other assessments or school events into the lesson progression.
Materials include five units with a total of 121 lessons over 126 instructional days. The Pacing Guide for 8th Grade English states, “Each unit includes a specific number of lessons, including writing lessons, Socratic Seminar lessons, and two days for assessment.” There are no alternative implementation schedules, though the program provides time for teachers to create assessments and make instructional decisions to support students. The Grade 8 Focus Area Overview provides details relating to each unit’s core standards and spiral standards. For example, in Unit 3, Abusing Power: Animal Farm and Wicked History, Lesson 24, Notes are available for the teacher: “Decide which Type of Academic Discourse you want to use in this lesson. We recommend a table-group discussion, fishbowl, or whole-class discussion. Then, choose which of this lesson’s Discussion Questions you are going to have students answer. Consider how much discussion time will be devoted to each question.”
Suggested implementation schedules may be reasonably completed in the time allotted. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
In the Pacing Guide for 8th Grade English, the implementation schedule states, “Our 8th Grade English units span 126 days. We intentionally did not account for all 180 school days to allow teachers to fit in additional review or extension, teacher-created assessments, and school-based events.” There is no alternative implementation schedule present. Similarly, each unit contains a separate implementation schedule. For example, in Unit 5, Facing Calamity: Climate Change Facts and Fictions, there are 20 lessons to be taught with a suggested implementation time of 29 days. Two additional days are suggested for the Content Assessment.
In each unit, each lesson includes multiple Close Read Questions, a Target Task Writing Prompt, and often Discussion Questions. Each lesson includes a pacing guide for teachers that presents how long they should spend on each of these tasks within the class period. Homework is listed for almost every day of the unit that students complete to stay on schedule with the pacing guide, typically reading, sometimes writing. In lessons with Socratic Seminars, the task can be completed in one class period.
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 9, students answer three Close Read Questions, one Discussion Question, and a Writing Prompt: “Consider the way that people responded to Moishe the Beadle’s warning and Mrs. Schäcter’s. What conclusions can you draw about human nature based on their response to both of these people? Support your answer with at least two pieces of specific evidence from the text.” In the Homework section of the lesson, students are assigned to read pages 34–47 of the memoir.
In Unit 2, Encountering Evil: Night, Lesson 20, the objective states, “Outline the stages of genocide in preparation for creating a presentation.” The lesson does not include any homework relating to the presentation. As a part of that project, students “will learn about the pyramid of hate and stages of genocide,” which connects to the objective. The method by which students learn this information is not provided, but if they are conducting their own research, this could take more than one class period to complete. Teachers may choose to extend this lesson as needed.
Optional tasks do not distract from core learning. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
No optional tasks are included.
Optional tasks are meaningful and enhance core instruction. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:
No optional tasks are included.
Overview of Gateway 3
Usability
Criterion 3.1: Teacher Supports
The program includes opportunities for teachers to effectively plan and utilize materials with integrity and to further develop their own understanding of the content.
Indicator 3A
Materials provide teacher guidance with useful annotations and suggestions for how to enact the student materials and ancillary materials to support students' literacy development.
Indicator 3B
Materials contain adult-level explanations and examples of the more complex grade-level/course-level concepts and concepts beyond the current course so that teachers can improve their own knowledge of the subject.
Indicator 3C
Materials include standards correlation information that explains the role of the standards in the context of the overall series.
Indicator 3D
Materials provide strategies for informing all stakeholders, including students, parents, or caregivers about the program and suggestions for how they can help support student progress and achievement.
Indicator 3E
Materials provide explanations of the instructional approaches of the program and identification of the research-based strategies.
Indicator 3F
Materials provide a comprehensive list of supplies needed to support instructional activities.
Indicator 3G
This is not an assessed indicator in ELA.
Indicator 3H
This is not an assessed indicator in ELA.
Criterion 3.2: Assessment
The program includes a system of assessments identifying how materials provide tools, guidance, and support for teachers to collect, interpret, and act on data about student progress towards the standards.
Indicator 3I
Assessment information is included in the materials to indicate which standards are assessed.
Indicator 3J
Assessment system provides multiple opportunities throughout the grade, course, and/or series to determine students' learning and sufficient guidance to teachers for interpreting student performance and suggestions for follow-up.
Indicator 3K
Assessments include opportunities for students to demonstrate the full intent of grade-level/course-level standards and shifts across the series.
Indicator 3L
Assessments offer accommodations that allow students to demonstrate their knowledge and skills without changing the content of the assessment.
Criterion 3.3: Student Supports
The program includes materials designed for each student’s regular and active participation in grade-level/grade-band/series content.
Indicator 3M
Materials provide strategies and supports for students in special populations to work with grade-level content and to meet or exceed grade-level standards that will support their regular and active participation in learning English language arts and literacy.
Indicator 3N
Materials regularly provide extensions to engage with literacy content and concepts at greater depth for students who read, write, speak, and/or listen above grade level.
Indicator 3O
Materials provide varied approaches to learning tasks over time and variety in how students are expected to demonstrate their learning with opportunities for for students to monitor their learning.
Indicator 3P
Materials provide opportunities for teachers to use a variety of grouping strategies.
Indicator 3Q
Materials provide strategies and supports for students who read, write, and/or speak in a language other than English to meet or exceed grade-level standards to regularly participate in learning English language arts and literacy.
Indicator 3R
Materials provide a balance of images or information about people, representing various demographic and physical characteristics.
Indicator 3S
Materials provide guidance to encourage teachers to draw upon student home language to facilitate learning.
Indicator 3T
Materials provide guidance to encourage teachers to draw upon student cultural and social backgrounds to facilitate learning.
Indicator 3U
This is not an assessed indicator in ELA.
Indicator 3V
This is not an assessed indicator in ELA.
Criterion 3.4: Intentional Design
The program includes a visual design that is engaging and references or integrates digital technology, when applicable, with guidance for teachers.
Indicator 3W
Materials integrate technology such as interactive tools, virtual manipulatives/objects, and/or dynamic software in ways that engage students in the grade-level/series standards, when applicable.
Indicator 3X
Materials include or reference digital technology that provides opportunities for teachers and/or students to collaborate with each other, when applicable.
Indicator 3Y
The visual design (whether in print or digital) supports students in engaging thoughtfully with the subject, and is neither distracting nor chaotic.
Indicator 3Z
Materials provide teacher guidance for the use of embedded technology to support and enhance student learning, when applicable.